tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54346424569360163742024-03-14T01:58:20.413+08:00PROFESIONALISME GURULaman blog ini memaparkan idea dan amalan dalam bidang perguruan berdasarkan pengalaman dan pengetahuan saya sepanjang menjadi guru, pendidik guru dan bidang pentadbiran yang berkaitan dengan perguruan di Malaysia. Semoga pengalaman dan idea ini dapat dikongsi bersama rakan-rakan guru yang lain.Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.comBlogger155125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-13204075763220558222015-05-13T17:55:00.003+08:002015-05-13T17:55:49.380+08:00MODEL ASSURE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">PERANCANGAN PENGHASILAN DAN PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">(Model ASSURE)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Penghasilan sesuatu media pengajaran memerlukan
perancangan yang sistematik supaya media yang dihasilkan nanti benar-benar memberikan
kesan kepada proses pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Dalam perbincangan ini, Model ASSURE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Heinich, Molenda & Russel, 1889) akan
disentuh dan dibincangkan supaya kita dapat memahami dengan lebih mendalam
bagaimana merancang penghasilan media untuk proses pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Walau bagaimana pun terdapat banyak lagi model-model yang
telah dicipta oleh ahli teknologi pendidikan yang terkenal dan dapat digunakan
sebagai pilihan untuk kita merancang penghasilan media pengajaran dan pembelajaran
seperti model Anderson, Branson et. al, Briggs & Wager, Gagne' &
Briggs, Romizowski, Reiser & Gagne', Model Pendekatan Sistem, Model
perancangan pembelajaran (Instructional Design Plan, Kemp, 1989), Model Perancangan
(A Planning Model) dan lain-lain lagi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Model yang dibincangkan ini juga dapat digunakan oleh guru-guru
untuk merancang penggunaan media di dalam bilik darjah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Selepas ini diharapkan kita akan dapat membuat
perancangan penggunaan dan penghasilan media yang lebih sistematik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Berikut adalah beberapa laman web yang anda boleh ikuti untuk melihat bagaimana menngunakan model ASSURE untuk menyediakan Rancangan Pengajaran Harian (RPH)</span></div>
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Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-91950991998563887552015-04-06T16:13:00.000+08:002015-04-06T16:13:20.610+08:00Laman Web Kajian Tindakan<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/nazarinanawawi/proposal-bmelayupenggunaan-huruf-besar">http://www.slideshare.net/nazarinanawawi/proposal-bmelayupenggunaan-huruf-besar</a>Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-8637976159199016152015-04-06T16:11:00.001+08:002015-04-06T16:12:21.386+08:00Laman Web untuk Kajian Tindakan<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/amiraimanakashah6251/proposal-kajian-tindakan-bahasa-malaysia">http://www.slideshare.net/amiraimanakashah6251/proposal-kajian-tindakan-bahasa-malaysia</a><br />
<br />
<br />Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-9633255183710207782015-04-06T15:09:00.003+08:002015-04-06T15:09:37.792+08:00Contoh Kajian TindakanSaya sertakan satu contoh kajian tindakan yangtelah dilakukan oleh seorang rakan guru kita. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">MENINGKATKAN KEMAHIRAN
MENULIS KARANGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN BERFOKUS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Disediakan
Oleh:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pn.
Hjh. Elina Binti Hj. Mohd Abd. Kahar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Dr.
Abdul Jawi Bin Abnoh Sawi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">SMK.
DATUK PANGLIMA ABDULLAH,</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">91308
SEMPORNA, SABAH.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Abstrak</span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 56.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Kajian
ini bertujuan untuk membantu pelajar yang lemah dalam menguasai kemahiran
menulis karangan yang merupakan satu komponen dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa
Melayu Kertas 1 SPM. Sampel kajian melibatkan seramai 98 orang pelajar dan
seorang guru terlibat dalam kajian ini. Saya memfokuskan kepada penulisan
karangan. Tinjauan awal telah dibuat melalui ujian pra yang menunjukkan murid
lemah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>terhadap penulisan karangan.
Oleh itu, melalui tinjauan awal, didapati pelajar menghadapi masalah
pembelajaran pasif terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran formal dalam kelas.
Oleh itu, pendekatan berfokus diperkenalkan kepada pelajar sebagai satu cara
untuk mengatasi masalah pembelajaran yang dihadapi pelajar terutama dalam
penulisan karangan. Kajian juga telah menjalankan pelan tindakan berdasarkan
pendekatan berfokus yang diperkenalkan dan mendapati penguasaan kemahiran
pelajar dalam menulis karangan semakin memuaskan jika dibandingkan dengan sebelumnya.
Pelajar tersebut lebih menunjukkan sikap positif dengan menunjukkan
pembelajaran aktif untuk menguasai kemahiran menulis karangan dan mempunyai
keyakinan diri dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran di kelas bagi
mencapai keputusan yang cemerlang dalam Bahasa Melayu di peringkat SPM.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 56.6pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Era globalisasi telah banyak membawa perubahan
terhadap ekologi pembelajaran pelajar (Arifin, 2003). Dalam hal ini, mutu
pendidikan berkualiti amat dituntut dalam menghadapi cabaran alaf baru, cabaran
dunia siber dan semuanya boleh dirangkumkan sebagai cabaran menghadapi dunia
yang tidak menentu perkembangannya kesan ledakan maklumat merentasi sempadan
negara. Lantaran itu, iklim pembelajaran pelajar yang berkesan dan harmoni
perlu difikirkan bagi mencapai kecemerlangan pendidikan. Namun demikian,
perkara membimbangkan ialah berlaku kemerosotan kualiti pembelajaran pelajar
dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran pelajar ketika mengikuti pendidikan
formal dalam kelas berdasarkan pencapaian pelajar dalam penulisan karangan
sehingga menjejaskan pencapaian pelajar dalam Bahasa Melayu peringkat SPM.
Fenomena ini perlu ditinjau secara teliti dan mendalam bagi mencari formulasi
berkesan dalam menangani isu pembelajaran pelajar dalam kelas khususnya dalam
pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) Bahasa Melayu SPM. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">LATAR BELAKANG KAJIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Mata
pelajaran Bahasa Melayu merupakan mata pelajaran teras pada peringkat Sijil
Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM). Mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu peringkat SPM mempunyai
dua bahagian, iaitu Bahasa Melayu Kertas 1 (1103/1) dan Bahasa Melayu Kertas 2
(1103/2). Format pentaksiran bagi mata pelajaran ini telah mengalami perubahan
format bermula tahun 2004. Satu instrumen pentaksiran bagi mata pelajaran
Bahasa Melayu Kertas 1 ialah karangan. Karangan merupakan satu komponen penting
dengan peruntukan markah yang ditetapkan sebanyak 130 peratus. Aspek yang
diberikan penekanan dalam penulisan karangan ialah kemahiran membuat
pendahuluan, pernyataan isi, dan penutup. Menulis karangan memerlukan pelajar
menguasai kemahiran berkenaan secara berkesan. Oleh itu, penulisan karangan
memerlukan kemahiran aras tinggi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Kemahiran
membuat pendahuluan, pernyataan isi, dan membuat penutup dalam penulisan
karangan umum perlu dikuasai oleh pelajar SPM bagi membolehkan pelajar
memperoleh markah yang tinggi. Oleh hal demikian, penguasaan terhadap kemahiran
menulis karangan memerlukan pendekatan berfokus yang komprehensif untuk memberi
kefahaman yang mudah dan jelas kepada pelajar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sehubungan
itu, projek penyediaan dan pemilihan bahan-bahan bantu mengajar (BBM) dengan
pendekatan berfokus ATMA+ dan KIA+ disediakan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertujuan untuk membantu pelajar SPM sekolah
SMKDPA dalam menangani masalah yang dihadapi pelajar dalam aspek penulisan
karangan umum. Antaranya dari segi masalah dalam penguasaan format penulisan
karangan, teknik dalam perenggan penulisan, masalah mengembangkan idea, dan
ketidakmampuan memiliki sumber rujukan yang baik dan sesuai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ISU DAN FOKUS KAJIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan
ujian pra Bahasa Melayu bulan Mac. Kelas Tingkatan 5 (Kelas Ixora, Dahlia, dan Teratai)
didapati 18.4 peratus pelajar gagal dalam kelas berkenaan dalam penulisan
karangan. Oleh itu, pelajar gagal dalam penulisan karangan berpunca daripada
pelbagai faktor yang perlu ditinjau secara teliti dan mendalam. Pembedahan
terhadap isu kegagalan pelajar dalam pembelajarannya, khususnya dalam penulisan
karangan perlu dilakukan dengan segera. Keadaan ini tidak boleh dibiarkan
berpanjangan kerana pelajar ini akan menghadapi SPM 2012 pada bulan November. Seandainya
mereka tidak menguasai kemahiran menulis karangan dengan baik kebarangkalian
mereka tidak akan mendapat keputusan cemerlang dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa
Melayu peringkat SPM kerana soalan bahagian ini merangkumi 130 markah daripada
240 markah keseluruhan Bahasa Melayu Kertas 1. Oleh itu, kajian tindakan perlu
dilakukan bagi meningkatkan penguasaan kemahiran menulis karangan dengan kaedah
terancang dan sistematik. Selain itu, perlu ada satu pendekatan dan strategi
yang sesuai dan pelbagai untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran menulis karangan.
Lantaran itu, bagi meningkatkan kemahiran menulis karangan, ‘Pendekatan
Berfokus’ dilaksanakan yang diserapkan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran
(P&P) di kelas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan
Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran (HSP) Tingkatan Lima Bahasa Melayu, dalam Bidang
Interpersonal berfokus pada keupayaan pelajar berkomunikasi berasaskan bahasa
dengan menggunakan kata, frasa, rangkai kata, ungkapan, dan ayat secara
bertatasusila untuk mengekalkan hubungan melalui perkongsian idea semasa
melakukan interaksi sosial. Manakala Bidang Maklumat berfokus pada keupayaan
murid memperoleh dan menyampaikan pelbagai pengetahuan dalam bidang ilmu.
Pemerolehan maklumat didapati melalui aktiviti mendengar, berbual, membaca, dan
mengakses maklumat daripada multimedia menerusi e-pembelajaran. Hasil
pembelajaran yang boleh dicapai oleh murid dalam Bidang Maklumat adalah untuk
mendapat, memproses, dan menyampaikan maklumat dengan berkesan. Oleh hal
demikian, menulis karangan merangkumi bidang interpersonal dan bidang maklumat
yang perlu dikuasai oleh pelajar ketika proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran
formal di kelas. Antara contoh hasil pembelajaran yang perlu dicapai adalah
seperti berikut:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyampaikan maksud yang tersurat dan
tersirat berdasarkan bahan yang dikemukakan dengan menggunakan kata dan
ungkapan yang sesuai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">7.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memahami dan meneliti maksud tersurat dan
tersirat daripada sesuatu bahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membuat karangan dengan alasan yang
munasabah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Oleh
hal demikian, sebagai guru perlu mengembangkan potensi pelajar selaras dengan
Matlamat dan Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan agar dapat membentuk insan pelajar
yang seimbang. Selain itu, guru juga perlu menyemai minat dan sikap positif
terhadap pembelajaran pelajar dengan memperkenalkan pendekatan pembelajaran
secara komprehensif dan strategi belajar Bahasa Melayu di samping berusaha
meningkatkan kemahiran penulisan karangan bagi mencapai kecemerlangan pelajar
dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu peringkat SPM.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">OBJEKTIF KAJIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memudahkan
proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) dengan penggunaan teknik yang
sesuai, mudah, dan betul.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memudahkan
sesi latih tubi atau latihan dalam pemerengganan karangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Mudah
dirujuk semula (akses kendiri) oleh pelajar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Meningkatkan
penguasaan kemahiran menulis karangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Menerapkan
kesedaran dalam diri dan nilai terbaik, iaitu gred A+ dalam pencapaian Bahasa
Melayu Kertas 1, Karangan Umum.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>KUMPULAN
SASARAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Kajian
melibatkan pengajaran seorang guru dan 98 orang pelajar Tingkatan 5, iaitu 33
orang pelajar di kelas Ixora, 35 orang pelajar kelas Dahlia, dan 30 orang
pelajar kelas Teratai. Keseluruhan kebolehan pelajar daripada ketiga-tiga kelas
ini adalah pada tahap lemah, sederhana dan baik.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Lazimnya, dalam ketiga-tiga kelas berkenaan, terdapat beberapa
orang pelajar yang menghadapi masalah pembelajaran khususnya masih tidak
menguasai kemahiran menulis karangan umum dengan baik. Oleh itu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kajian tindakan dilaksanakan untuk mengatasi
masalah tersebut.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>METODOLOGI
KAJIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Metodologi
kajian yang digunakan ialah:-</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pemerhatian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sikap pelajar dilihat secara langsung
di dalam kelas sewaktu aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P), dan
penggunaan stesen pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ujian Pra</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ujian ini diberikan kepada pelajaran
untuk mengukur tahap pencapaian pelajar dalam penulisan karangan sebelum
pelaksanaan pendekatan berfokus.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tindak Balas Dalam Aktiviti
Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tindak balas pelajar dinilai semasa
mereka menjawab soalan yang dikemukkan oleh guru berpandukan contoh latihan
yang disediakan dalam pendekatan berfokus.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Semakan Buku Latihan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Buku latihan akan disemak oleh guru
dari semasa ke semasa sebagai tindakan pengayaan dan pengukuhan penguasaan
kemahiran menulis karangan. Tindakan semakan secara langsung dapat menilai
tahap perkembangan pelajar dalam menguasai kemahiran berkenaan. Semasa semakan
latihan markah diberi mengikut standard pemarkahan SPM yang sebenar seperti
berikut:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
holistik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 100 markah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 100 markah</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ujian Pos</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ujian pos diberi untuk mengetahui
tahap pencapaian pelajar dalam penulisan karangan pada akhir kajian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TEORI
KAJIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Kajian
ini menggunakan ‘Teori Pembelajaran Kognitif’ berpandukan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’
yang ditekankan dalam penulisan karangan. Penggunaan bahan rangsangan yang
berbentuk soalan berpandu dan contoh jawapan dalam penulisan karangan adalah
berdasarkan Teori Kognitif Behaviorisme dan Teori Gestalt. Berdasarkan Teori
Kognitif Behaviorisme, manusia menyedari bahawa rangsangan akan menyebabkan
gerak balas. Oleh hal demikian, manusia sentiasa melihat rangsangan sebagai
sesuatu yang perlu diberi tindakan menurut perspektif yang sesuai berdasarkan
persepsi, pengalaman, persekitaran atau apa sahaja yang berkaitan. Hal ini
bermakna, tingkah laku manusia adalah berasaskan pengetahuan atau pemikiran
mereka tentang sesuatu situasi (rangsangan) yang menyebabkan sesuatu perubahan
tingkah laku akan berlaku. Oleh itu, dalam situasi kajian ini rangsangan
berlaku apabila guru mengemukakan soalan menyebabkan pelajar bertindak balas
mencari jawapan berdasarkan bahan dalam modul pendekatan berfokus sehingga
mewujudan gerak balas kognitif (Rajah 1).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Rajah
1 : Teori Pembelajaran Kognitif dan Kaitan Rangsang dengan Gerak Balas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-language: MS; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="194" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="480" /></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Menurut
Teori Gestalt pula, pembelajaran akan digerakkan oleh rangsangan yang berbentuk
‘kekaburan’ yang memerlukan penyelesaian (Bower dan Hilgard, 1983). Oleh hal demikian,
manusia akan tergerak untuk menyelesaikan ‘kekaburan’ tersebut melalui proses
yang dikenali sebagai ‘celik akal’. Lantaran, dalam proses ‘celik akal’
struktur kognitif manusia yang telah sedia tersimpan dengan pelbagai maklumat
dan pengalaman akan dikaitkan dengan masalah (rangsangan) yang perlu
diselesaikan itu. Situasi ini bermakna bahan rangsangan mempunyai peranan untuk
membantu dalam mengaktifkan proses ‘celik akal’ atau pembelajaran aktif itu
sendiri. Berdasarkan konteks kajian ini, pelajar yang masih ‘kabur’ atau lemah
menulis karangan akan mengalami proses ‘celik akal’ atau pembelajaran aktif
apabila guru memberi bimbingan dan panduan dalam penulisan karangan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Selanjutnya
dalam Teori Pembelajaran Kognitif menekankan tentang cara struktur pemikiran
(kognitif), memperoleh, menyusun, menyimpan, dan menggunakan maklumat sebagai
tindak balas terhadap rangsangan. Tegasnya, teori ini memperincikan bagaimana
minda atau struktur kognitif memproses maklumat. Berdasarkan teori ini,
terdapat empat komponen asas dalam struktur kognitif manusia, iaitu
pancaindera, persepsi, ingatan jangka pendek dan ingatan jangka panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PELAKSANAAN KAJIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tinjauan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tinjauan
awal terhadap masalah kajian berkaitan dengan mengenal pasti masalah
pembelajaran pelajar dan seterusnya mengenal pasti punca pelajar gagal dalam
penguasaan kemahiran menulis karangan. Pemerhatian dilihat terhadap tingkah
laku pembelajaran pelajar dalam aspek sikap dan kesediaan pelajar ketika proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlangsung dalam kelas. Sikap pelajar yang kurang
memberi tumpuan terhadap pengajaran guru dan budaya leka dalam pembelajaran
telah dikenal pasti sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi kemahiran pelajar dalam
penulisan karangan. Begitu juga terdapat pelajar yang membuat latihan yang
diberikan oleh guru secara sambalewa dan kurang berkualiti. Masalah yang
dihadapi pelajar dalam penulisan karangan dapat diperhatikan melalui aktiviti
pengajaran dan pembelajaran di kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisis
Tinjauan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan
latihan yang diberikan dan penyemakan latihan pelajar untuk meninjau masalah
yang menjadi punca pelajar gagal menguasai kemahiran menulis karangan seperti
yang terkandung dalam Jadual 2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShading" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1696;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 35.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">BIL.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 248.1pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">MASALAH</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.8pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.6pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">JUMLAH (%)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 248.1pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Tidak faham kehendak
soalan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.6pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>35%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 248.1pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Lemah penghuraian isi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.6pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>68%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 248.1pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Lemah pembinaan ayat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.6pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>57%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 23.05pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 23.05pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 248.1pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Tidak ada keyakinan diri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 23.05pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.6pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tindakan
yang Dijalankan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan
analisis pemerhatian dan laporan semakan latihan pelajar yang dinyatakan di
atas, satu tindakan telah dijalankan. Langkah pertama yang dijalankan ialah
memberi pendedahan teknik menjawab soalan Bahasa Melayu SPM sebenar, khususnya
kepada penulisan karangan dan sistem pemarkahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pelajar
yang mengalami masalah pembelajaran dan kurang memberi tumpuan terhadap
pengajaran dan lemah dalam penulisan karangan adalah perlu diberi perhatian
dalam kalangan pelajar sasaran. Oleh itu, tindakan dilakukan dengan
memperkenalkan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ dalam penulisan karangan. Tindakan yang
dilakukan ialah memberi pendedahan berkaitan kemahiran menulis karangan dan
penekanan terhadap semakan latihan pelajar berpandukan kepada strategi
‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ yang diperkenalkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">8.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hasil
Pemerhatian dan Penilaian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Setiap
kali mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu, aktiviti latihan penulisan karangan
dijalankan. Aktiviti tersebut memerlukan pelajar menulis karangan berpandukan
bahan rangsangan yang diberikan oleh guru. Guru membuat aktiviti sesuai dengan
topik karangan yang diajar. Sebelum menulis karangan, guru memberikan maklumat
berkaitan dengan kaedah menulis karangan berpandukan tip-tip penulisan yang
ditunjukkan dalam ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’. Soalan karangan diberikan kepada
pelajar untuk dibincangkan yang ada terkandung dalam ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’.
Soalan berkenaan adalah sebagai rangsangan kepada pelajar untuk panduan dan
pengembangan idea pelajar dalam penulisan karangan. Guru juga menerangkan
teknik menulis karangan dengan berpandukan kaedah yang ditunjukkan dalam
‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ iaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pendekatan Berfokus 1: Arahan Teknik
Markah A+ / Aku Tahu Matlamat Akhir! (ATMA)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memperkenalkan
tema buku teks Tingkatan 4 dan 5 yang perlu diberi perhatian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Membuat
analisis mengikut agihan soalan Bahasa Melayu Kertas 1 SPM (2004 – 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Membuat
analisis berdasarkan Jenis / Format karangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memaparkan
isu semasa sepanjang tahun 2008 – 2010 (Fokus SPM 2010/2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Menyediakan
bahan terpilih (1-14): karangan SPM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pendekatan Berfokus 2: Kembangkan
Idea A+ / Kita Ikut Arahan! (KI’A+’)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memperkenalkan
tip-tip penting penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tip
1 : Merancang masa dengan betul</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tip
2 : Merancang penulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tip
3 : Kekemasan tulisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tip
4 : Merangka dan membina karangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Latihan
mengembangkan idea</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Penyediaan
bahan berfokus KI’A+.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Memberi
nota penanda wacana (permulaan karangan, memulakan isu baharu, huraian isi
karangan, memberi contoh dalam karangan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Tentatif
pelaksanaan tindakan bagi pelaksanaan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ ditunjukkan dalam
Lampiran 1 dan 2. Sehubungan itu, kesemua maklumat yang dinyatakan di atas
dijalankan secara bersepadu yang diserapkan dalam proses pengajaran dan
pembelajaran pelajar di kelas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Aktiviti
yang dijalankan adalah seperti berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> : Guru membuat analisis terhadap isu
(tema buku teks Tingkatan 4 dan 5) yang perlu diberi perhatian berdasarkan tema
pengajaran yang disampaikan. Seterusnya mengaitkan isu yang dipaparkan dengan
topik karangan yang akan dibincangkan. Guru juga membuat analisis berdasarkan
jenis / format karangan yang diberikan kepada pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> : Guru memberikan soalan karangan
sebagai fokus perbincangan. Guru memberikan panduan menuliskan karangan
mengikut format yang telah ditetapkan dan menunjukkan contoh pelaporan karangan
mengikut topik yang diberikan berpandukan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’. Pengajaran
dilakukan secara dua hala bagi menggalakkan pembelajaran aktif dalam kalangan
pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> : Guru meminta pelajar mengembangkan
idea berdasarkan latihan mengembangkan idea yang terdapat dalam ‘Pendekatan
Berfokus’. Guru menjelaskan kaedah mengembangkan idea kepada pelajar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> : Guru memberi tugasan penulisan
karangan lengkap sebagai pemantapan pelajar terhadap penulisan karangan
mengikut format karangan yang disampaikan. Pelajar membuat tugasan yang
diberikan berpandukan ‘ Pendekatan Berfokus’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> : Guru memberi penegasan terhadap
penulisan karangan yang baik di samping memberikan beberapa penanda wacana
sebagai panduan kepada pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DAPATAN
KAJIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Setelah
beberapa aktiviti dilaksanakan mengikut langkah-langkah yang dijalankan,
dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan dalam penguasaan kemahiran
menulis karangan dalam kalangan pelajar tingkatan 5 secara keseluruhannya.
Pelajar sendiri melakukan penerokaan kendiri berdasarkan panduan yang diberikan
oleh guru berdasarkan pendekatan berfokus. Kelemahan pelajar dalam menulis
karangan dapat dapat di atasi bagi pelajar yang berpotensi cemerlang. Manakala
pelajar yang lemah dapat diminimumkan kesilapan menulis karangan dan masih
berada pada aras lulus. Setiap kali latihan menulis karangan, saya telah
memeriksa latihan tersebut dan memberikan markah mengikut standard SPM sebenar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Jadual 2: Pencapaian Pelajar Dalam
Ujian Pra, Latihan dan Ujian Pos</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShading" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1696;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 27.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.65pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">MARKAH</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.65pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.15pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">PENCAPAIAN</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ujian </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Pra</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Latihan </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Latihan </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Latihan </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Latihan </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.05pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ujian </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Pos</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; left: 6px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 541px;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" width="541" /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Cemerlang</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(70 – 100)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(7.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">10</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(10.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">15</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(15.3%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">17</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(17.3%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">19</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(19.4%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.05pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">22</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(22.4%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Kepujian</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(50 – 69)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">61</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(62.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">63</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(64.3%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">61</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(62.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">58</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(59.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">65</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(66.3%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 24.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.05pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">55</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(56.1%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Lulus</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(40 – 49)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">12</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(12.2%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">23</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(23.4%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">20</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(20.4%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">23</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(23.5%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">14</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(14.3%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 30.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.05pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">12</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(12.3%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.25pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Gagal</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(1 – 39)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.1pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">18</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(18.4%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(2.1%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(2.1%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">0</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(0%)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">0</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(0%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.05pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">9</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(9.2%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber:
Unit Peperiksaan Sekolah, 2011; Laporan Kemajuan Pelajar, 2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan
Jadual 2, pencapaian pelajar dalam ujian pra adalah kurang menggalakkan, iaitu
didapati hanya 7 orang pelajar mencapai tahap cemerlang, 61 orang pelajar
mencapai tahap kepujian, 12 orang pelajar lulus dan 18 orang pelajar berada
pada tahap gagal. Walau bagaimanapun, pencapaian pelajar dalam latihan (1-4)
yang diberikan menunjukkan berlaku peningkatan pencapaian. Seterusnya dapatan
kajian melalui ujian pra menunjukkan pencapaian yang menggalakkan. Jika dibuat
analisis perbandingan dengan merujuk kepada analisis ujian pra dengan ujian pos
didapati wujud peningkatan peratusan dalam tahap pencapaian cemerlang dan
sebaliknya, wujud penurunan sedikit dalam tahap pencapaian kepujian. Manakala
tahap pencapaian pelajar dalam peratus lulus masih konsisten sebaliknya berlaku
penurunan peratus pelajar yang berada pada tahap gagal. Hal ini bermakna,
pelaksanaan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ yang diserapkan dalam pengajaran dan
pembelajaran di kelas memberikan kesan baik terhadap pencapaian pelajar dalam
kemahiran penulisan karangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>REFLEKSI
KAJIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">10.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penilaian
Pencapaian Pelajar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Langkah-langkah
pengajaran yang dirancang telah dilaksanakan dan berjalan dengan lancar. Semasa
aktiviti pembelajaran berjalan, didapati keyakinan pelajar untuk menjawab
soalan karangan semakin meningkat. Pelajar telah membuat penerokaan kendiri
melalui pelbagai sumber. Setiap kali latihan karangan diberikan pelajar dapat
memberikan isi berdasarkan pendekatan berfokus dilaksanakan melalui pendekatan
kembangkan idea (KI ‘A+’) dan pendekatan Arahan Teknik Markah A+ Aku Tahu
Matlamat Akhir (ATMA+). Namun demikian, pencapaian pelajar dalam membuat latihan
menunjukkan peningkatan. Hal ini bermakna kelemahan pelajar dalam menulis
karangan dapat diminimumkan. Soalan-soalan karangan yang diberikan diambil daripada
soalan peringkat daerah Semporna. Walau bagaimanapun pencapaian pelajar bagi
setiap latihan agak kurang cemerlang, namun markah yang diperoleh mampu
meningkatkan pencapaian pelajar yang sederhana dan lemah kepada tahap yang
lebih baik. Keadaan ini terbukti melalui ujian pos yang dilaksanakan. Semasa
ujian pos diberikan hanya 12 orang pelajar mencapai tahap lulus dan 9 orang
pelajar mencapai tahap gagal. Jika dibuat perbandingan antara ujian pra dengan
ujian pos didapati ada peningkatan dari segi pencapaian pada tahap cemerlang
telah mengalami peningkatan ketara, iaitu 7 orang pelajar meningkat kepada 22
orang pelajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">10.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumusan
Pemerhatian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Masalah
pembelajaran pelajar yang ditunjukkan melalui tingkah laku pembelajaran pelajar
pasif telah dapat diatasi. Sikap pelajar yang gemar berbual, kurang tumpuan,
dan tidak membuat latihan amat berkurangan. Secara tidak langsung menunjukkan
bahawa teknik penulisan TIK (Tema, Isu, Kata Kunci) dalam pendahuluan,
penggunaan AT (Ayat Topik), AH (Ayat Huraian), AC (Ayat Contoh), dan AP (Ayat
Penyimpul) dalam isi, serta CHK (Cadangan, Harapan, Kesan) dalam penutup yang
diserapkan dalam Pendekatan Berfokus mampu memberi panduan kepada pelajar untuk
meningkatkan pembelajaran pelajar menjadi aktif dan berfokus bagi mencapai
kecemerlangan dalam penulisan karangan. Oleh itu, sebagai guru mata pelajaran
Bahasa Melayu, pencapaian murid dalam penulisan karangan umum diharap dapat
membantu meningkatkan peratus keseluruhan markah Kertas 1 Bahasa Melayu
khususnya di peringkat SPM kelak.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">10.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Refleksi
Pengajaran Guru</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Setelah
beberapa latihan diberikan kepada pelajar dan akhir kajian pelajar telah menunjukkan
penguasaan baik dalam kemahiran menulis karangan. Keadaan ini memberi respon
positif terhadap pembelajaran pelajar sehingga mempunyai keyakinan diri dalam
menjawab soalan karangan sehingga mampu berdikari membuat latihan sendiri dan
menulis karangan dengan baik. Guru juga telah mengemukakan soalan kepada
pelajar di kelas sama ada mereka masih menghadapi masalah menulis karangan.
Pelajar memberi respon baik bahawa bimbingan guru dalam pendekatan menulis
karangan dan tip-tip penting penulisan karangan banyak membantu pelajar untuk
meningkatkan kemahiran dalam menulis karangan. Respon positif daripada pelajar
terhadap pelaksanaan ‘Pendekatan Berfokus’ amat bermakna kepada penyelidik dalam
usaha meningkatkan kecemerlangan pelajar dalam Bahasa Melayu di peringkat SPM.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">11. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CADANGAN
UNTUK MENERUSKAN KAJIAN TINDAKAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Aktiviti-aktiviti
yang dijalankan banyak membantu menjayakan dan meningkatkan pencapaian pelajar
berkenaan dalam penulisan karangan. Walau bagaimanapun terdapat aspek lain yang
perlu diberi perhatian khususnya dalam pengajaran tatabahasa. Oleh itu,
dicadangkan untuk meningkatkan penguasaan pelajar berkenaan dalam penggunaan
imbuhan dan penggunaan kata dalam ayat. Selain itu, pelajar juga perlu
menguasai kemahiran membina ayat secara gramatis bagi menghasilkan penulisan
karangan yang baik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pembelajaran
pelajar perlu diberi perhatian secara serius kerana boleh memberi kesan
terhadap kemahiran penulisan karangan. Seandainya pelajar mengalami masalah
pembelajaran boleh menjejaskan pencapaian pelajar dalam penulisan karangan.
Guru seharusnya peka terhadap masalah pembelajaran pelajar dan berusaha untuk
mengatasinya dengan menggunakan strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang
berkesan. Oleh itu Pendekatan Berfokus yang diserapkan dalam pengajaran dan
pembelajaran guru dalam penulisan karangan diharap mampu meningkatkan pencapaian
pelajar dalam penulisan karangan dan seterusnya melonjakkan kecemerlangan
pencapaian pelajar dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu peringkat SPM.</span></div>
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Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-43441076724907374072015-04-06T15:05:00.002+08:002015-04-06T15:05:55.269+08:00Assalamualaikum dan salam sejahtera,<br />
<br />
Kepada pelajar-pelajar PPG kumpulan 10 dan 18, saya paparkan disini laman web yang mengandungi contoh-contoh kajian tindakan yang telah dijalankan oleh guru-guru khusunya dalam bidang Bahasa Melayu. Saya dapati laman-laman web ini sangat berguna untuk memahami bagaimana kajian tindakan dilakukan. Cikgu-cikgu juga boleh belajar bagaimana membuat penulisan sama ada dalam penyediaan cadangan atau laporan penuh nanti. Di samping itu kita juga boleh belajar bagai mana nak tulis Bab 1, Bab 2, Bab 3, Bab 4 dan Bab 5.<br />
<br />
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Selamat melayari dan memperoleh pengetahuan daripada laman-laman web ini. </div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-73004087088490476282014-08-11T11:52:00.000+08:002014-08-11T11:52:03.583+08:00Mengapa Memilih Media Pengajaran?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menurut
kajian, peratus penerimaan semasa proses pengajaran pembelajaran berlaku adalah
dipengaruhi oleh penglibatan deria masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deria<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>%
penerimaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mata<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hidung<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mulut<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Telinga<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasa/sentuhan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kepentingan
media pengajaran dalam proses pengajaran pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengajaran lebih terancang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Melibatkan pelbagai deria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memperkayakan pengalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perluasan batasan komunikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pembelajaran individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keseronokan belajar/motivasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber maklumat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menolong membentuk gambaran yang betul dalam fikiran pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menguat dan mengekalkan daya ingatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menghubungkan yang abstrak kepada konkrit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memberikan gambaran dan peristiwa di luar bilik darjah ke dalam bilik
darjah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menjimatkan masa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Membantu pelajar membentuk konsep dengan lebih mudah serta jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempelbagaikan aktiviti pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemilihan media pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk
memilih media pengajaran, faktor-faktor berikut perlu diberikan perhatian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kesesuaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat
penerimaan/kefahaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemerolehan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mutu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kesesuaian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebelum
memilih sesuatu media pengajaran, guru perlu menetapkan objektif yang hendak
dicapai terlebih dahulu. Contohnya, kalau objektif guru adalah supaya pelajar
mengetahui tentang bunyi sebutan perkataan yang betul di dalam pembelajaran
bahasa kedua, dan disamping membetulkan bunyi sebutannya, maka pelajar perlu
mendengarnya sendiri. Oleh itu media yang betul ialah alat perakam audio. Boleh
juga alat perakam audio digabungkan dengan carta dan sebagainya jika difikirkan
mustahak. Sesuatu media dianggap sesuai jika memenuhi syarat berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memenuhi kehendak isi dan objektif pelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memudahkan kefahaman pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memerlukan latihan yang minimum untuk menggunakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menimbulkan suasana pengajaran pembelajaran yang menyeronokkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mudah diubahsuai dari segi penggunaan serta juga senang dipindahkan
dari satu tempat ke satu tempat yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selamat digunakan oleh pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat
penerimaan/kefahaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mungkin
isi kandungan media yang dipilih itu sesuai, tetapi cara penyampaian atau
peringkat penerimaan pelajar adalah tidak setara dengan keupayaan mereka. Dengan
lain perkataan media tersebut tidak setanding dengan keupayaan pelajar untuk
menerima dan memahami isi kandungan yang disampaikan oleh media tersebut. Ini
berlaku kepada media yang telah siap tersedia oleh pihak-pihak tertentu seperti
syarikat pengeluar media tersebut. Untuk mengelakkan perkara ini, media
perlulah dihasilkan sendiri oleh guru yang mengajar. Media yang dapat
memudahkan pemahaman pelajar terhadap konsep-konsep yang hendak disampaikan
hendaklah dipilih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Harga</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sesuatu
media yang hendak digunakan hendaklah diperolehi dengan mudah dan harga yang
murah. Media elektronik tidak dapat dinafikan mempunyai keupayaan yang lebih
baik walaupun harganya mahal. Sekiranya harga tidak menjadi masalah, pilihlah
media yang dapat memberikan kesan yang lebih baik. Kos
adalah munasabah dan tidak terlalu membebankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemerolehan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seseorang
guru yang merancang menggunakan media pengajaran, perlu mengenal pasti
pemerolehan sesuatu media itu. Adakah media tersebut ada di pusat sumber atau
sekolah masing-masing? Bolehkah media tersebut disediakan dengan mudah?
Sekiranya mudah diperolehi, akan mendorongkan seseorang guru menggunakannya
dengan lebih kerap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mutu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sekiranya
faktor-faktor di atas sudah dipenuhi, apakah guru akan menolak penggunaan media
tersebut kerana mutu yang rendah? Sesuatu objektif pembelajaran tidak akan
tercapai sekiranya mutu media yang digunakan itu tidak elok seperti warna,
suara dan tulisan yang tidak jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebanyakan
media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ada di pasaran adalah
dipasarkan untuk mencari keuntungan tanpa memenuhi kehendak dan keperluan
tertentu guru dan pelajar. Oleh itu untuk menyediakan media yang sesuai, guru
perlulah membuat sendiri. Banyak sekali faedah yang diperolehi dari penghasilan
media oleh guru seperti berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Isi kandungan yang sesuai dengan sukatan sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Objektif pengajaran pembelajaran disusun dengan lebih tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika dilibatkan pelajar dalam penghasilan media, akan dapat mengukuhkan
lagi daya ingatan dan meberikan pengalaman yang berguna kepada pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menambahkan koleksi pusat sumber sekolah disamping menjimatkan kos..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa
aspek yang perlu dititik beratkan dalam penghasilan media adalah seperti
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengetahuan mengenai bahan yang hendak dihasilkan (isi kandungan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kemahiran untuk penghasilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempunyai daya kreatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tenaga untuk penghasilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Alatan khas yang diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kos</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
perbincangan ini, kita akan membincangkan faedah penghasilan media oleh guru
dan oleh pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dihasilkan oleh
guru</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebagai
seorang guru, kita perlu memikirkan penghasilan media pengajaran dalam dua
kategori;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media pengajaran yang akan
digunakan untuk persembahan dalam bilik darjah, perbincangan dengan pelajar,
penilaian atau aktiviti yang diarahkan oleh guru. Contohnya, bahan tayangan
yang mudah seperti transparensi, selaid, kaset audio, poster, grafik dan bahan
pameran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media pengajaran yang
digunakan terus oleh pelajar untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Contohnya, kit pelbagai
media yang digunakan untuk pembelajaran individu, bahan 3D dan 'mock-up' yang
digunakan oleh pelajar kejuruteraan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Faedah sampingan yang diperolehi apabila guru
menghasilkan media atau mengarahkan pelajar menghasilkan media adalah guru
sendiri akan dapat memahami dan menjelaskan lagi objektif dan idea mengenai
bagaimana menyusun program pengajaran pembelajaran dengan lebih baik lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dihasilkan oleh
pelajar.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajar
yang terlibat dalam penghasilan media akan memperolehi faedah daripada
pengalaman mereka. Mereka boleh memberikan sumbangan berupa idea yang kreatif
untuk sesuatu penghasilan media. Bakat pelajar dalam penghasilan media seperti
bahan pameran, bahan pembelajaran kendiri, transparensi, selaid, bahan 2D,
poster dan sebagainya tidak boleh diperkecilkan. Disebalik khidmat penghasilan
media, pelajar juga boleh membantu guru untuk merekabentuk media pengajaran
supaya sesuai dan mencapai kehendak dan keperluan bilik darjah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa perkara yang perlu
diberikan perhatian:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ingat bahawa penghasilan akhir sesuatu media tidaklah begitu penting
berbanding proses dan pengalaman yang digunakan untuk mencapai objektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Apabila pelajar menghabiskan masa dan tenaga dalam penghasilan media,
pastikan mereka memahami apa yang dibuat dan mereka merasakan dihargai.
Matlamat guru bukanlah untuk mempergunakan pelajar atau memaksa mereka berkerja
melampaui keupayaan, tetapi memberikan peluang kepada mereka supaya produktif
dan seronok melakukan aktiviti penghasilan media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pastikan, sebelum projek dimulakan, pelajar menghasilkan perancangan di
atas kertas. Bantulah mereka belajar bagaimana membuat 'lay-out'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>projek sebelum kerja sebenar dijalankan,
untuk mempastikan dengan jelas setiap langkah yang akan diambil akan mencapai
kejayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bantu pelajar menghadapi kekecewaan jika terdapat kesilapan dan mencuba
semula. Kesilapan adalah perkara biasa dalam mempelajari sesuatu yang baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat Usaha Penghasilan
Media</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media secara tiruan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan
media secara tiruan boleh diilustrasikan seperti memotong huruf berdasarkan
bentuk, melukiskan peta dan gambar melalui surihan imej tayangan atau menghasilkan
terarium atau boneka berdasarkan arahan buku atau gambar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media secara pengubahsuaian</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengubahsuaian
memerlukan penciptaan dalam bentuk baru atau cara baru dalam penggunaan media
sedia ada. Prototaip atau gambar prototaip yang ada adalah sebagai panduan
berguna, tetapi hasil akhir kelak akan memerlukan individu terlibat dalam
pelbagai masalah. Penghasilan media secara pengubahsuaian memerlukan
pertimbangan individu, arah kendiri dan inisiatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rekaan kreatif</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Melibatkan
keupayaan mentafsir dan menyelesaikan masalah dengan cara yang asli, tanpa
bergantung kepada pengalaman atau penulisan. Penghasilan filem slaid bersuara,
fotograf, penggambaran video dan sebagainya untuk digunakan dalam pengajaran
pembelajaran adalah antara contoh rekaan kreatif. Guru perlu menggalakkan
pelajar membuat rekaan kreatif dan asli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Inovasi dari peniruan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Meniru
secara kreatif mengandungi dua unsur yang seolah-olah bertentangan. Sesuatu
yang kreatif tentulah bersifat asli. Sebaliknya sesuatu yang dihasilkan secara
meniru tentulah tidak asli, oleh itu tidak kreatif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Walau bagaimana pun peniruan kreatif adalah
penghasilan semula apa yang telah dicipta oleh orang lain dalam bentuk yang
tersendiri dan mempunyai keunikan tersendiri dari segi fizikal dan fungsinya.
Guru dan pelajar perlulah menggunakan kaedah ini untuk menghasilkan media yang
boleh digunakan untuk tujuan pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media kos murah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Definisi
media kos murah adalah berdasarkan kepada ciri-ciri berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang boleh disediakan oleh guru dan pelajar sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dibekalkan dan boleh menambahkan keberkesanan pengajaran
pembelajaran dalam bilik darjah tanpa memerlukan kos tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlibat dalam
penghasilan media tersebut adalah mudah dan murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media tersebut tidak memakan masa yang panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahan mentah yang digunakan adalah percuma dan mudah diperolehi dari
persekitaran pelajar dan guru..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis media kos murah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar kaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarajah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kartun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Poster</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carta bersiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahan 3D seperti boneka, glob, model, realia, 'mock-up' dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Prinsip reka bentuk media
kos murah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jelas. Idea mesti tepat, mudah dan terus terang. Ini mestilah sesuai
dengan ukuran, warna, kontras dan reka letak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menarik. Mesej yang hendak disampaikan mestilah dapat menarik
perhatian, membolehkan ia mencetuskan reaksi yang cepat di kalangan pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Senang digunakan. Termasuk dari segi mudah dibawa, dimanipulasikan dan
difahami pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berkaitan. Bahan yang dihasilkan itu mestilah menggambarkan hubungannya
dengan isi kandungan pelajaran dan matlamat yang hendak dicapai. Ia juga
mestilah menggambarkan peringkat umur dan pengalaman pelajar yang
menggunakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berpatutan dengan kos. Ia mestilah menunjukkan unsur-unsur penjimatan
dari segi masa, tenaga dan kewangan. Perancangan yang teliti dan membiasakan
diri dengan berbagai jenis dan tujuan media kos murah akan membantu ke arah
penjimatan di dalam pengeluaran.</span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-61749350119477294422014-08-11T11:51:00.003+08:002014-08-11T11:51:55.345+08:00make a difference Dear all teachers, please go to this website, you will learn something about this profession....<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="goog_1426213319"></span>makeadifferencemovie.com<span id="goog_1426213320"></span><br />
<br />
<br />Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-31688600783388970762014-08-11T11:51:00.002+08:002014-08-11T11:51:41.253+08:00INNOVATION IN EDUCATION<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Rogers</span><span lang="EN-GB"> E Miller (1971)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An idea, practice or object perceived as
new by the relevant unit of adoption, whether it is an individual or an
organization'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">APEID (1977)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An effort to introduce a practice in order
to bring about a social change. The practice need not be totally new: its
efficeincy and potentiality in a new context are the main criteria used in
labelling is as innovation. The emphaisi is on change in terms providing a
strategy to deal with specific local or national problem'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Vanterpool (1990) - the characteristics of
an innovation that predict a high probability of success are implicit in the
following questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Relative advantage (compare
with what exists)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be more effective in
improving learning?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be conserve resources
more effeciently?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it have a position impact
on the total programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Compatibility (consistent with
values, xperiences, needs)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it fit well with other
aspects of the programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be accepted?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Testability (can be tried on an
experimental basis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Has it been tested in schools
like ours?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can it be pilot-tested?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we use selected parts?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Observability (can be seen in
action)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a live demonstration
with children?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a videotaped
demonstration?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see variations in its
application?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Complexity (ease of use)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will teachers need special
training?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it add to teachers'
paperwork?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<![endif]--><br />Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-25016143353696872462014-08-11T11:51:00.001+08:002014-08-11T11:51:32.552+08:00BARRIES TO CHANGE<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB">Five major sources of resistance to change<i> (</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Kast
& Rosenzweig (1974)</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">1. Sunk cost</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">2. Miscommunication</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Kaufman
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<span lang="EN-GB">Listed some additional barries to change: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">benefits that result from
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">ACCEPTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATION</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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money and cause personal discomfort among those affected.......</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Innovation must have a perceived advantage
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<span lang="EN-GB">It is also helpful and perhaps mandatory if
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Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-12283021634326505672014-08-11T11:50:00.002+08:002014-08-11T11:50:56.740+08:00WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WRITING A
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FORMAT FOR THE PAPER<br />
<br />
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate
with other scientists about the results of their research. A standard format is
used for these articles, in which the author presents the research in an
orderly, logical manner. This doesn't necessarily reflect the order in which
you did or thought about the work. This format is:<br />
<br />
TITLE<br />
<br />
Make your title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not
so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be
appropriate for the intended audience.<br />
The title usually describes the subject matter of the article: Effect of
Smoking on Academic Performance"<br />
Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective: Students Who
Smoke Get Lower Grades"<br />
<br />
AUTHORS<br />
<br />
1. The person who did the work and wrote the paper is generally listed as the
first author of a research paper.<br />
<br />
2. For published articles, other people who made substantial contributions to
the work are also listed as authors. Ask your mentor's permission before
including his/her name as co-author.<br />
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
<br />
1. An abstract, or summary, is published together with a research article,
giving the reader a "preview" of what's to come. Such abstracts may
also be published separately in bibliographical sources, such as Biological
Abstracts. They allow other scientists to quickly scan the large scientific
literature, and decide which articles they want to read in depth. The abstract
should be a little less technical than the article itself; you don't want to
dissuade your potential audience from reading your paper.<br />
<br />
2. Your abstract should be one paragraph, of 100-250 words, which summarizes
the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper.<br />
<br />
3. It is not easy to include all this information in just a few words. Start by
writing a summary that includes whatever you think is important, and then
gradually prune it down to size by removing unnecessary words, while still
retaining the necessary concepts.<br />
<br />
3. Don't use abbreviations or citations in the abstract. It should be able to
stand alone without any footnotes.<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
<br />
What question did you ask in your experiment? Why is it interesting? The
introduction summarizes the relevant literature so that the reader will
understand why you were interested in the question you asked. One to four
paragraphs should be enough. End with a sentence explaining the specific
question you asked in this experiment.<br />
<br />
MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
<br />
1. How did you answer this question? There should be enough information here to
allow another scientist to repeat your experiment. Look at other papers that
have been published in your field to get some idea of what is included in this
section.<br />
<br />
2. If you had a complicated protocol, it may helpful to include a diagram,
table or flowchart to explain the methods you used.<br />
<br />
3. Do not put results in this section. You may, however, include preliminary
results that were used to design the main experiment that you are reporting on.
("In a preliminary study, I observed the owls for one week, and found that
73 % of their loco motor activity occurred during the night, and so I conducted
all subsequent experiments between 11 pm and 6 am.")<br />
<br />
4. Mention relevant ethical considerations. If you used human subjects, did
they consent to participate. If you used animals, what measures did you take to
minimize pain?<br />
<br />
RESULTS<br />
<br />
1. This is where you present the results you've gotten. Use graphs and tables
if appropriate, but also summarize your main findings in the text. Do NOT
discuss the results or speculate as to why something happened; t hat goes in
the Discussion.<br />
<br />
2. You don't necessarily have to include all the data you've gotten during the
semester. This isn't a diary.<br />
<br />
3. Use appropriate methods of showing data. Don't try to manipulate the data to
make it look like you did more than you actually did.<br />
<br />
"The drug cured 1/3 of the infected mice, another 1/3 were not affected,
and the third mouse got away."<br />
<br />
TABLES AND FIGURES<br />
<br />
1. If you present your data in a table or figure, include a title describing
what's in the table ("Enzyme activity at various temperatures", not
"My results".) For figure, you should also label the x and y axes.<br />
<br />
2. Don't use a table or graph just to be "fancy". If you can
summarize the information in one sentence, then a table or graph is not
necessary.<br />
<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
<br />
1. Highlight the most significant results, but don't just repeat what you've
written in the Results section. How do these results relate to the original
question? Do the data support your hypothesis? Are your results consistent with
what other investigators have reported? If your results were unexpected, try to
explain why. Is there another way to interpret your results? What further
research would be necessary to answer the questions raised by your results? How
do y our results fit into the big picture?<br />
<br />
2. End with a one-sentence summary of your conclusion, emphasizing why it is
relevant.<br />
<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
<br />
This section is optional. You can thank those who either helped with the
experiments, or made other important contributions, such as discussing the
protocol, commenting on the manuscript, or buying you pizza.<br />
<br />
REFERENCES (LITERATURE CITED)<br />
<br />
There are several possible ways to organize this section. Here is one commonly
used way:<br />
<br />
1. In the text, cite the literature in the appropriate places:<br />
<br />
Scarlet (1990) thought that the gene was present only in yeast, but it has
since been identified in the platypus (Indigo and Mauve, 1994) and wombat
(Magenta et al., 1995).<br />
<br />
2. In the References section list citations in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
Indigo AC, Mauve BE (1994). Queer place for qwerty: gene isolation from the
platypus. Science 275: 1213-1214.<br />
<br />
Magenta ST, Sepia X, Turquoise U (1995). Wombat genetics. In: Widiculous Wombats,
Violet, Q., ed. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 123-145.<br />
<br />
Scarlet SL (1990). Isolation of qwerty gene from S. cerevisae. Journal of
Unusual Results 36: 26-31.<br />
<br />
Martins AC (1999). Isolation of qwerty gene from S. cerevisae. Journal of
Unusual Results 36(2): 26-31.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-33650145379919623982014-08-11T11:50:00.000+08:002014-08-11T11:50:31.785+08:00Learning is improved when<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dear my friend teachers.... please read this. </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learning is improved when</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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pay close attention to the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that students
bring into the classroom </span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Cultural differences can affect students' comfort
level in working collaboratively instead of individually. Students' conceptions
of what it means to be intelligent can affect their performance." </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">teachers
are attentive to each student's individual progress and develop
appropriate tasks which further facilitate deeper understanding of the
material. </span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"They
present students with challenging material that they can manage; that is,<br />
the problems are <b>demanding enough to maintain engagement</b>, but not
so difficult as to lead to discouragement."</span></li>
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between tasks and projects that "encourage hands-on doing and those that
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Equally important, they permit teachers to: (1) grasp their
students' preconceptions, (2) understand <b>where each student is along the
continuum</b> from informal to formal thinking, and (3) design curriculum and
instruction accordingly. </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">teachers
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"teachers must design classroom activities and help
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classroom learning to other aspects of students' lives."</span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-37516283344833154282013-10-07T17:29:00.003+08:002013-10-07T17:29:46.605+08:00CIRI-CIRI GURU IDAMAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipetik dari
Majalah NUR, Mei 2004, hal. 66 – 69, Pemikir Sdn. Bhd., Karangkraf. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadikan pelajar sebagai fokus,
bukan anda sebagai fokus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji potensi pelajar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wujudkan suasana selesa dan
selamat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pancaran semangat guru.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersedia untuk mengajar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjelaskan sesuatu jika anda
sukar untuk memudahkannya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belajar mengakui kelemahan tanpa
mengorbankan kredibiliti.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajar dari hati.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulang fakta penting.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru yang baik bertanya soalan
yang baik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukan pemberi maklumat
semata-mata.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berhenti bercakap, jadi pendengar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belajar mendengar apa yang
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biarkan pelajar mengajar sesama
sendiri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elak guna pendekatan yang sama
kepada semua pelajar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan sekalli-kali berhenti
mengajar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai emosi yang stabil dan
mental yang sihat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai sifat kreatif, imaginasi
dan berdaya saing.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai suara dan tingkahlaku
yang beradab.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menepati masa dan kebolehan
mengurus.</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SIFAT-SIFAT
GURU YANG TERPUJI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuhud – mengajar bukan kerana
balasan kebendaan atau penghormatan, tetapi mencari keredhaan Allah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebersihan diri – bersih jiwa dan
diri dari kekotoran syarak dan adat dan berperibadi tinggi, tidak bersifat
angkuh, riak, hasad, pemarah dll.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada kehebatan dan kehormatan diri
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersifat kebapaan ayau keibuan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memahami tabiat murid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersifat cemerlang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tegas tetapi dihormati dan adil.</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> GURU YANG EFEKTIF MENGIKUT IMAM AL-GHAZALI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai rasa simpati kepada
murid dan menganggap serta melayani mereka sebagai anak sendiri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengikuti tingkahlakku dan sunnah
Nabi Muhammad SAW dan tidak meminta imbuhan atas perkhidmatan yang
diberinya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak menasihati atau membenarkan
muridnya melaksanakan sesuatu tugas kecuali dia (guru) benar-benar
terlatih dan berpengetahuan tentang perkara tersebut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menasihati murid-muridnya supaya
meninggalkan kelakuan buruk secara lembut, bukannya dengan memarahi
mereka.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak sekali-kali
merendah-rendahkan disiplin ilmu yang lain di hadapan murid-muridnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hadkan pembelajaran bersesuaian
dengan tahap pemahaman murid dan tidak sekali-kali memaksa mereka mencapai
sesuatu diluar kemampuan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyediakan bahan pembelajaran
yang mudah difahami, jelas dan bersesuaian dengan tahap perkembangan akal
murid khususnya murid yang kurang pintar.</span></li>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SIFAT-SIFAT
GURU YANG TIDAK BAIK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garang, membebel, tidak pernah
senium, suka memerli dan mudah hilang sabar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak membantu kerja-kerja sekolah
dan tidak menerangkan pelajaran dan tugasan dengan jelas serta berkerja
tanpa perancangan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat sebelah, pilih kasih dan
menyukai pelajar tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sombong, angkuh dan susah menerima
pandangan orang lain.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiada pendirian, keras kepala,
tidak bertimbang rasa dan bersfat terlaliu tegas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak memberikan perhatian
terhadap perasaan murid, memalukan murid di hadapan teman sekelas dan
memanjangkan masa pembelajaran.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak adil dalam pemberian markah
ujian dan peperiksaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berminat mengenalli latar
belakang murid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian tugasan dan kerja rumah
tanpa sewajarnya.</span></li>
</ol>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-56397103965339042002013-09-30T14:27:00.004+08:002013-09-30T14:27:57.474+08:00WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FORMAT FOR THE PAPER<br />
<br />
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate
with other scientists about the results of their research. A standard format is
used for these articles, in which the author presents the research in an
orderly, logical manner. This doesn't necessarily reflect the order in which
you did or thought about the work. This format is:<br />
<br />
TITLE<br />
<br />
Make your title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not
so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be
appropriate for the intended audience.<br />
The title usually describes the subject matter of the article: Effect of
Smoking on Academic Performance"<br />
Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective: Students Who
Smoke Get Lower Grades"<br />
<br />
AUTHORS<br />
<br />
1. The person who did the work and wrote the paper is generally listed as the
first author of a research paper.<br />
<br />
2. For published articles, other people who made substantial contributions to
the work are also listed as authors. Ask your mentor's permission before
including his/her name as co-author.<br />
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
<br />
1. An abstract, or summary, is published together with a research article,
giving the reader a "preview" of what's to come. Such abstracts may
also be published separately in bibliographical sources, such as Biological
Abstracts. They allow other scientists to quickly scan the large scientific
literature, and decide which articles they want to read in depth. The abstract
should be a little less technical than the article itself; you don't want to
dissuade your potential audience from reading your paper.<br />
<br />
2. Your abstract should be one paragraph, of 100-250 words, which summarizes
the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the paper.<br />
<br />
3. It is not easy to include all this information in just a few words. Start by
writing a summary that includes whatever you think is important, and then
gradually prune it down to size by removing unnecessary words, while still
retaining the necessary concepts.<br />
<br />
3. Don't use abbreviations or citations in the abstract. It should be able to
stand alone without any footnotes.<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
<br />
What question did you ask in your experiment? Why is it interesting? The
introduction summarizes the relevant literature so that the reader will
understand why you were interested in the question you asked. One to four
paragraphs should be enough. End with a sentence explaining the specific
question you asked in this experiment.<br />
<br />
MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
<br />
1. How did you answer this question? There should be enough information here to
allow another scientist to repeat your experiment. Look at other papers that
have been published in your field to get some idea of what is included in this
section.<br />
<br />
2. If you had a complicated protocol, it may helpful to include a diagram,
table or flowchart to explain the methods you used.<br />
<br />
3. Do not put results in this section. You may, however, include preliminary
results that were used to design the main experiment that you are reporting on.
("In a preliminary study, I observed the owls for one week, and found that
73 % of their loco motor activity occurred during the night, and so I conducted
all subsequent experiments between 11 pm and 6 am.")<br />
<br />
4. Mention relevant ethical considerations. If you used human subjects, did
they consent to participate. If you used animals, what measures did you take to
minimize pain?<br />
<br />
RESULTS<br />
<br />
1. This is where you present the results you've gotten. Use graphs and tables
if appropriate, but also summarize your main findings in the text. Do NOT
discuss the results or speculate as to why something happened; t hat goes in
the Discussion.<br />
<br />
2. You don't necessarily have to include all the data you've gotten during the
semester. This isn't a diary.<br />
<br />
3. Use appropriate methods of showing data. Don't try to manipulate the data to
make it look like you did more than you actually did.<br />
<br />
"The drug cured 1/3 of the infected mice, another 1/3 were not affected,
and the third mouse got away."<br />
<br />
TABLES AND FIGURES<br />
<br />
1. If you present your data in a table or figure, include a title describing
what's in the table ("Enzyme activity at various temperatures", not
"My results".) For figure, you should also label the x and y axes.<br />
<br />
2. Don't use a table or graph just to be "fancy". If you can
summarize the information in one sentence, then a table or graph is not
necessary.<br />
<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
<br />
1. Highlight the most significant results, but don't just repeat what you've
written in the Results section. How do these results relate to the original
question? Do the data support your hypothesis? Are your results consistent with
what other investigators have reported? If your results were unexpected, try to
explain why. Is there another way to interpret your results? What further
research would be necessary to answer the questions raised by your results? How
do y our results fit into the big picture?<br />
<br />
2. End with a one-sentence summary of your conclusion, emphasizing why it is
relevant.<br />
<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
<br />
This section is optional. You can thank those who either helped with the
experiments, or made other important contributions, such as discussing the
protocol, commenting on the manuscript, or buying you pizza.<br />
<br />
REFERENCES (LITERATURE CITED)<br />
<br />
There are several possible ways to organize this section. Here is one commonly
used way:<br />
<br />
1. In the text, cite the literature in the appropriate places:<br />
<br />
Scarlet (1990) thought that the gene was present only in yeast, but it has
since been identified in the platypus (Indigo and Mauve, 1994) and wombat
(Magenta et al., 1995).<br />
<br />
2. In the References section list citations in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
Indigo AC, Mauve BE (1994). Queer place for qwerty: gene isolation from the
platypus. Science 275: 1213-1214.<br />
<br />
Magenta ST, Sepia X, Turquoise U (1995). Wombat genetics. In: Widiculous Wombats,
Violet, Q., ed. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 123-145.<br />
<br />
Scarlet SL (1990). Isolation of qwerty gene from S. cerevisae. Journal of
Unusual Results 36: 26-31.<br />
<br />
Martins AC (1999). Isolation of qwerty gene from S. cerevisae. Journal of
Unusual Results 36(2): 26-31.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-77588613874264151642013-09-30T14:25:00.000+08:002013-09-30T14:25:01.712+08:00SOROTAN LITERATUR (LITERATURE REVIEW)<!--[if !mso]>
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Seseorang penulis bahan atau artikel akademik perlu mempunyai kemahiran untuk membuat sorotan literatur (literature review) supaya beliau dapat menghubungkitkan idea beliau dengan idea orang lain melalui pembacaan daripada pelbagai sumber maklumat. Penulis bukanlah menceduk seratus peratus maklumat daripada bahan yang dirujuk, tetapi menggunakan idea daripada bahan tersebut dan membincangkannya bersama-sama dengan idea pemulis dan juga idea-idea lain daripada pelbagai bahan rujukan yang telah dibaca.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Maksud Sorotan Literatur</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sesuatu bidang atau disiplin ilmu wujud seperti
bidang pendidikan didokong oleh badan pengetahuan. Badan pengetahuan terdiri
daripada rangkaian teori yang berkat dengan bidang berkenaan. Teori-teori pada
sesuatu bidang diperoleh dan dikumpul melalui penyelidikan. Penyelidik peru
mengkai perkembangan bidang ilmu dimana masalah yang ingin dikaji itu
tergolong. Kajian terhadap perkembangan bidang ilmu ini dikenai sebagai sorotan
literatur.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Fungsi
Sorotan Literatur</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Terdapat tujuh fungsi sorotan literatur;</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur meningkatkan pemahaman penyelidik
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teori memberi perspektif terhadap penyelidikan yang dilakukan. Perspektif
yang betul membolekan kajian terhadap masalah dilakukan secara objektif,
teratur dan rasional, sebagaimana keperluan saintifik dalam proses
penyelidikan. Walaupun terdapat teori yang diperoleh daripada pengetahuan
bidang umum, teori khusus yang terdapat dalam sesuatu disiplin ilmu lebih
berguna. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur membantu menjelaskan latar
belakang masalah yang dikaji penyelidik akan mengetahui di mana dan bila
beliau perlu memulakan kajian. Penyelidik juga akan mengetahui di mana dan
bagaimana beliau perlu menyempurnakan kajian. Sekiranya penyelidik A telah
mengkaji sesuatu masalah setakat X sahaja, maka kita perlu meneruskan
penyelidikan A itu sehingga ke tahap Y. Usaha ini akan memastikan
kesinambungan dan peningkatan teori bagi memperkukuhkan sesuatu bidang
ilmu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur mendedahkan penyelidik kepada
kaedah dan teknik bagi mendapatkan jawapan dan penyelesaian masalah
kajian. Penyelidik boleh mempelajari kaedah dan teknik yang digunakan oleh
penyelidik lain bagi menyelesaikan masalah dan membentuk teori.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur membantu penyelidik mengelakkan
diri daripada mengulangi kelemahan dan kesilapan yang telah dilakukan oleh
penyelidik sebelumnya. Penyelidik boleh mempelajari kelemahan yang berlaku
dan mengambil iktibar supaya tidak berulang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur membantu penyelidik mentafsir
dapatan kajian yang akan diperoleh. Penyelidik boleh mempelajari bagaimana
penyelidik lain mentafsir dapatan penyelidikan dan membentuk teori.
Pengetahuan seperti ini membiasakan penyelidik untuk membuat tafsiran
dengan betul dan tepat kepada dapatan yang akan diperolehi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur membantu penyelidik meningkatkan
kewibawaannya dalam disiplin ilmu yang dikaji. Keupayaan, kebolehan dan
pengetahuan penyelidik dalam bidang yang dikaji membolehkan beliau
menerima pengiktirafan profesional daripada rakan penyelidik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sorotan literatur membantu meningkatkan keyakinan
dan motivasi penyelidik. Penguasaan teori dalam bidang yang dikaji
membolehkan penyelidik yakin dengan keupayaan diri dan seterusnya memberi
dorongan kepada diri sendiri untuk melakukan penyelidikan sehingga
sempurna dengan cekal dan tabah.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Sumber
Literatur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Jurnal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Kamus dan glosari</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Ensiklopedia</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Abstrak dan indeks</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Kaedah
Membuat Sorotan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Internet bagi melayari laman web</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Penggunaan abstrak jurnal dan indeks</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Penggunaan pengimbas bibliografi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Penggunaan kamus perkara dan ensiklopedia</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Penggunaan katalog perkara</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Penggunaan sesebuah buku atau makalah yang diketahui</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Mencatat
Maklumat Sorotan Literatur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Masalah atau isu yang menjadi asas kajian sumber</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Idea, gagasan dan teori berkaitan yang digunakan
oleh sumber</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Idea, gagasan dan teori atau rangka kerja sumber</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 30.0pt;">Kekuatan dan kelemahan rekabentuk kajian sumber dari
segi kaedah, instrumen, persampelan, pengumpulan data, analisis data,
dapatan dan tafsiran dapatan kajian</span></li>
</ol>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-68457259261118278522013-08-01T17:58:00.003+08:002013-08-01T17:58:03.580+08:00INNOVATION IN EDUCATION<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Rogers</span><span lang="EN-GB"> E Miller (1971)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An idea, practice or object perceived as
new by the relevant unit of adoption, whether it is an individual or an
organization'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">APEID (1977)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An effort to introduce a practice in order
to bring about a social change. The practice need not be totally new: its
efficeincy and potentiality in a new context are the main criteria used in
labelling is as innovation. The emphaisi is on change in terms providing a
strategy to deal with specific local or national problem'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Vanterpool (1990) - the characteristics of
an innovation that predict a high probability of success are implicit in the
following questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Relative advantage (compare
with what exists)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be more effective in
improving learning?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be conserve resources
more effeciently?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it have a position impact
on the total programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Compatibility (consistent with
values, xperiences, needs)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it fit well with other
aspects of the programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be accepted?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Testability (can be tried on an
experimental basis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Has it been tested in schools
like ours?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can it be pilot-tested?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we use selected parts?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Observability (can be seen in
action)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a live demonstration
with children?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a videotaped
demonstration?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see variations in its
application?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Complexity (ease of use)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will teachers need special
training?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it add to teachers'
paperwork?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Rogers</span><span lang="EN-GB"> E Miller (1971)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An idea, practice or object perceived as
new by the relevant unit of adoption, whether it is an individual or an
organization'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">APEID (1977)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">'An effort to introduce a practice in order
to bring about a social change. The practice need not be totally new: its
efficeincy and potentiality in a new context are the main criteria used in
labelling is as innovation. The emphaisi is on change in terms providing a
strategy to deal with specific local or national problem'</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Vanterpool (1990) - the characteristics of
an innovation that predict a high probability of success are implicit in the
following questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Relative advantage (compare
with what exists)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be more effective in
improving learning?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be conserve resources
more effeciently?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it have a position impact
on the total programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Compatibility (consistent with
values, xperiences, needs)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it fit well with other
aspects of the programme?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it be accepted?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Testability (can be tried on an
experimental basis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Has it been tested in schools
like ours?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can it be pilot-tested?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we use selected parts?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Observability (can be seen in
action)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a live demonstration
with children?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see a videotaped
demonstration?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Can we see variations in its
application?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Complexity (ease of use)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will teachers need special
training?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Will it add to teachers'
paperwork?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-63147042211896060822013-07-31T17:16:00.000+08:002013-07-31T17:16:26.582+08:00Mengapa memilih media pengajaran?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Menurut
kajian, peratus penerimaan semasa proses pengajaran pembelajaran berlaku adalah
dipengaruhi oleh penglibatan deria masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deria<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>%
penerimaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mata<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>70</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hidung<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mulut<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Telinga<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasa/sentuhan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kepentingan
media pengajaran dalam proses pengajaran pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengajaran lebih terancang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Melibatkan pelbagai deria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memperkayakan pengalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perluasan batasan komunikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pembelajaran individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keseronokan belajar/motivasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber maklumat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menolong membentuk gambaran yang betul dalam fikiran pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menguat dan mengekalkan daya ingatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menghubungkan yang abstrak kepada konkrit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memberikan gambaran dan peristiwa di luar bilik darjah ke dalam bilik
darjah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menjimatkan masa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Membantu pelajar membentuk konsep dengan lebih mudah serta jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempelbagaikan aktiviti pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemilihan media pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk
memilih media pengajaran, faktor-faktor berikut perlu diberikan perhatian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kesesuaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat
penerimaan/kefahaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemerolehan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Harga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mutu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kesesuaian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebelum
memilih sesuatu media pengajaran, guru perlu menetapkan objektif yang hendak
dicapai terlebih dahulu. Contohnya, kalau objektif guru adalah supaya pelajar
mengetahui tentang bunyi sebutan perkataan yang betul di dalam pembelajaran
bahasa kedua, dan disamping membetulkan bunyi sebutannya, maka pelajar perlu
mendengarnya sendiri. Oleh itu media yang betul ialah alat perakam audio. Boleh
juga alat perakam audio digabungkan dengan carta dan sebagainya jika difikirkan
mustahak. Sesuatu media dianggap sesuai jika memenuhi syarat berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memenuhi kehendak isi dan objektif pelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memudahkan kefahaman pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Memerlukan latihan yang minimum untuk menggunakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menimbulkan suasana pengajaran pembelajaran yang menyeronokkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mudah diubahsuai dari segi penggunaan serta juga senang dipindahkan
dari satu tempat ke satu tempat yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selamat digunakan oleh pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat
penerimaan/kefahaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mungkin
isi kandungan media yang dipilih itu sesuai, tetapi cara penyampaian atau
peringkat penerimaan pelajar adalah tidak setara dengan keupayaan mereka. Dengan
lain perkataan media tersebut tidak setanding dengan keupayaan pelajar untuk
menerima dan memahami isi kandungan yang disampaikan oleh media tersebut. Ini
berlaku kepada media yang telah siap tersedia oleh pihak-pihak tertentu seperti
syarikat pengeluar media tersebut. Untuk mengelakkan perkara ini, media
perlulah dihasilkan sendiri oleh guru yang mengajar. Media yang dapat
memudahkan pemahaman pelajar terhadap konsep-konsep yang hendak disampaikan
hendaklah dipilih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Harga</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sesuatu
media yang hendak digunakan hendaklah diperolehi dengan mudah dan harga yang
murah. Media elektronik tidak dapat dinafikan mempunyai keupayaan yang lebih
baik walaupun harganya mahal. Sekiranya harga tidak menjadi masalah, pilihlah
media yang dapat memberikan kesan yang lebih baik. Kos
adalah munasabah dan tidak terlalu membebankan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemerolehan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seseorang
guru yang merancang menggunakan media pengajaran, perlu mengenal pasti
pemerolehan sesuatu media itu. Adakah media tersebut ada di pusat sumber atau
sekolah masing-masing? Bolehkah media tersebut disediakan dengan mudah?
Sekiranya mudah diperolehi, akan mendorongkan seseorang guru menggunakannya
dengan lebih kerap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mutu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sekiranya
faktor-faktor di atas sudah dipenuhi, apakah guru akan menolak penggunaan media
tersebut kerana mutu yang rendah? Sesuatu objektif pembelajaran tidak akan
tercapai sekiranya mutu media yang digunakan itu tidak elok seperti warna,
suara dan tulisan yang tidak jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebanyakan
media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ada di pasaran adalah
dipasarkan untuk mencari keuntungan tanpa memenuhi kehendak dan keperluan
tertentu guru dan pelajar. Oleh itu untuk menyediakan media yang sesuai, guru
perlulah membuat sendiri. Banyak sekali faedah yang diperolehi dari penghasilan
media oleh guru seperti berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Isi kandungan yang sesuai dengan sukatan sekolah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Objektif pengajaran pembelajaran disusun dengan lebih tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika dilibatkan pelajar dalam penghasilan media, akan dapat mengukuhkan
lagi daya ingatan dan meberikan pengalaman yang berguna kepada pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menambahkan koleksi pusat sumber sekolah disamping menjimatkan kos..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa
aspek yang perlu dititik beratkan dalam penghasilan media adalah seperti
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengetahuan mengenai bahan yang hendak dihasilkan (isi kandungan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kemahiran untuk penghasilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mempunyai daya kreatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tenaga untuk penghasilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Alatan khas yang diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kos</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dalam
perbincangan ini, kita akan membincangkan faedah penghasilan media oleh guru
dan oleh pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dihasilkan oleh
guru</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebagai
seorang guru, kita perlu memikirkan penghasilan media pengajaran dalam dua
kategori;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media pengajaran yang akan
digunakan untuk persembahan dalam bilik darjah, perbincangan dengan pelajar,
penilaian atau aktiviti yang diarahkan oleh guru. Contohnya, bahan tayangan
yang mudah seperti transparensi, selaid, kaset audio, poster, grafik dan bahan
pameran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media pengajaran yang
digunakan terus oleh pelajar untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Contohnya, kit pelbagai
media yang digunakan untuk pembelajaran individu, bahan 3D dan 'mock-up' yang
digunakan oleh pelajar kejuruteraan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Faedah sampingan yang diperolehi apabila guru
menghasilkan media atau mengarahkan pelajar menghasilkan media adalah guru
sendiri akan dapat memahami dan menjelaskan lagi objektif dan idea mengenai
bagaimana menyusun program pengajaran pembelajaran dengan lebih baik lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dihasilkan oleh
pelajar.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pelajar
yang terlibat dalam penghasilan media akan memperolehi faedah daripada
pengalaman mereka. Mereka boleh memberikan sumbangan berupa idea yang kreatif
untuk sesuatu penghasilan media. Bakat pelajar dalam penghasilan media seperti
bahan pameran, bahan pembelajaran kendiri, transparensi, selaid, bahan 2D,
poster dan sebagainya tidak boleh diperkecilkan. Disebalik khidmat penghasilan
media, pelajar juga boleh membantu guru untuk merekabentuk media pengajaran
supaya sesuai dan mencapai kehendak dan keperluan bilik darjah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Beberapa perkara yang perlu
diberikan perhatian:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ingat bahawa penghasilan akhir sesuatu media tidaklah begitu penting
berbanding proses dan pengalaman yang digunakan untuk mencapai objektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Apabila pelajar menghabiskan masa dan tenaga dalam penghasilan media,
pastikan mereka memahami apa yang dibuat dan mereka merasakan dihargai.
Matlamat guru bukanlah untuk mempergunakan pelajar atau memaksa mereka berkerja
melampaui keupayaan, tetapi memberikan peluang kepada mereka supaya produktif
dan seronok melakukan aktiviti penghasilan media.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pastikan, sebelum projek dimulakan, pelajar menghasilkan perancangan di
atas kertas. Bantulah mereka belajar bagaimana membuat 'lay-out'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>projek sebelum kerja sebenar dijalankan,
untuk mempastikan dengan jelas setiap langkah yang akan diambil akan mencapai
kejayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bantu pelajar menghadapi kekecewaan jika terdapat kesilapan dan mencuba
semula. Kesilapan adalah perkara biasa dalam mempelajari sesuatu yang baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peringkat Usaha Penghasilan
Media</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media secara tiruan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan
media secara tiruan boleh diilustrasikan seperti memotong huruf berdasarkan
bentuk, melukiskan peta dan gambar melalui surihan imej tayangan atau menghasilkan
terarium atau boneka berdasarkan arahan buku atau gambar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media secara pengubahsuaian</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengubahsuaian
memerlukan penciptaan dalam bentuk baru atau cara baru dalam penggunaan media
sedia ada. Prototaip atau gambar prototaip yang ada adalah sebagai panduan
berguna, tetapi hasil akhir kelak akan memerlukan individu terlibat dalam
pelbagai masalah. Penghasilan media secara pengubahsuaian memerlukan
pertimbangan individu, arah kendiri dan inisiatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rekaan kreatif</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Melibatkan
keupayaan mentafsir dan menyelesaikan masalah dengan cara yang asli, tanpa
bergantung kepada pengalaman atau penulisan. Penghasilan filem slaid bersuara,
fotograf, penggambaran video dan sebagainya untuk digunakan dalam pengajaran
pembelajaran adalah antara contoh rekaan kreatif. Guru perlu menggalakkan
pelajar membuat rekaan kreatif dan asli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Inovasi dari peniruan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Meniru
secara kreatif mengandungi dua unsur yang seolah-olah bertentangan. Sesuatu
yang kreatif tentulah bersifat asli. Sebaliknya sesuatu yang dihasilkan secara
meniru tentulah tidak asli, oleh itu tidak kreatif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Walau bagaimana pun peniruan kreatif adalah
penghasilan semula apa yang telah dicipta oleh orang lain dalam bentuk yang
tersendiri dan mempunyai keunikan tersendiri dari segi fizikal dan fungsinya.
Guru dan pelajar perlulah menggunakan kaedah ini untuk menghasilkan media yang
boleh digunakan untuk tujuan pengajaran pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media kos murah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Definisi
media kos murah adalah berdasarkan kepada ciri-ciri berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang boleh disediakan oleh guru dan pelajar sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Media yang dibekalkan dan boleh menambahkan keberkesanan pengajaran
pembelajaran dalam bilik darjah tanpa memerlukan kos tambahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Proses yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlibat dalam
penghasilan media tersebut adalah mudah dan murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penghasilan media tersebut tidak memakan masa yang panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahan mentah yang digunakan adalah percuma dan mudah diperolehi dari
persekitaran pelajar dan guru..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jenis media kos murah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar kaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambarajah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kartun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Poster</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carta bersiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bahan 3D seperti boneka, glob, model, realia, 'mock-up' dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Prinsip reka bentuk media
kos murah</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jelas. Idea mesti tepat, mudah dan terus terang. Ini mestilah sesuai
dengan ukuran, warna, kontras dan reka letak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menarik. Mesej yang hendak disampaikan mestilah dapat menarik
perhatian, membolehkan ia mencetuskan reaksi yang cepat di kalangan pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Senang digunakan. Termasuk dari segi mudah dibawa, dimanipulasikan dan
difahami pelajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berkaitan. Bahan yang dihasilkan itu mestilah menggambarkan hubungannya
dengan isi kandungan pelajaran dan matlamat yang hendak dicapai. Ia juga
mestilah menggambarkan peringkat umur dan pengalaman pelajar yang
menggunakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berpatutan dengan kos. Ia mestilah menunjukkan unsur-unsur penjimatan
dari segi masa, tenaga dan kewangan. Perancangan yang teliti dan membiasakan
diri dengan berbagai jenis dan tujuan media kos murah akan membantu ke arah
penjimatan di dalam pengeluaran.</span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-69773680663491086892013-07-24T12:28:00.001+08:002013-07-24T12:28:40.265+08:00Dear all teachers, please visit this website and view the slide presentation for a while, you will feel something special about the person who call 'TEACHER"<br />
<br />
makeadifferencemovie.com<br />
<br />
Thanks<br />
<br />Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-47940612680096640582013-07-24T12:07:00.001+08:002013-07-24T12:07:14.256+08:00REKA BENTUK PENGAJARAN<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Asalnya definisi reka bentuk pengajaran adalah suatu
proses untuk membina bahan pengajaran seperti modul bercetak, video pengajaran,
perisian komputer dan sebagainya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses
ini mencakupi proses reka bentuk dan proses membina bahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Richey (1986)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mendefinisikan reka bentuk pengajaran sebagai sains untuk mencipta
amalan pengajaran yang terperinci untuk pengembangan, penilaian dan
penyelenggaraan situasi pembelajaran yang memudahkan pembelajaran sesuatu unit
pelajaran berlaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk pengajaran juga adalah merupakan suatu cara
yang sistematik bagi mereka bentuk, membina dan menggunakan seluruh proses
pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sementara itu, definisi lain pula adalah proses untuk
menentukan ciri-ciri dan keperluan untuk pembelajaran yang juga mengambil kira
perubahan sistem dan pengaruh alam sekeliling (Seels dan Richey, 1994).
Definisi ini menjelaskan bahawa reka bentuk pengajaran adalah proses menyatakan
spesifikasi syarat untuk belajar yang meliputi empat bidang utama iaitu;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk sistem pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk strategi pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk mesej pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Ciri-ciri pelajar.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dalam perbincangan ini, fokus utama kita adalah kepada
definisi ini kerana ia melibatkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam
bilik darjah yang kita amalkan setiap hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka Bentuk
Sistem Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk sistem pengajaran adalah satu tatacara yang
teratur untuk menganalisis, mereka bentuk, membina, melaksana dan menilai
pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menganalisis adalah suatu proses untuk menentukan apa
yang harus dipelajari.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membina adalah proses untuk mengarang (seperti membuat
perisian komputer) dan menghasilkan bahan pembelajaran</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Melaksana adalah menggunakan bahan dan strategi (kaedah)
pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menilai adalah menentukan keupayaan dan keberkesanan
pengajaran.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Keempat-empat elemen ini adalah berlaku secara linear dan
saling bergantung antara satu sama lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="7" width="13"><br /></td>
<td width="98"><br /></td>
<td width="46"><br /></td>
<td width="89"><br /></td>
<td width="36"><br /></td>
<td width="98"><br /></td>
<td width="46"><br /></td>
<td width="98"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="40"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><br /></td><td><br /></td><td align="left" valign="top"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><br /></td>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kajian-kajian telah mendapati reka bentuk pengajaran
dapat membantu atau meningkatkan pencapaian pelajar. Tanpa penggunaan reka
bentuk pengajaran, maka pengajaran dalam bilik darjah menjadi tidak teratur dan
objektif pengajaran sukar dicapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model Reka
bentuk Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Terdapat banyak model reka bentuk pengajaran, namun
kebanyakan model-model ini mempunyai elemen yang sama. Elemen asas tersebut
ialah seperti berikut:</span></div>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menentukan keperluan pelajar.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menentukan matlamat dan objektif pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Membina kaedah penilaian.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mereka bentuk dan memilih strategi pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mencuba sistem pengajaran.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menilai keseluruhan sistem.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Terdapat tiga fokus utama model reka bentuk pengajaran
iaitu;</span></div>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model
berasaskan sistem.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model
berasaskan bilik darjah.</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model
berasaskan hasil.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Berikut adalah contoh model yang termasuk dalam kategori
di atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model berasaskan bilik darjah adalah model ASSURE
(Heineich, Molenda dan Russel, 1993), model berasaskan sistem pula ialah Model
Dick dan Carey (1979), sementara model berasaskan hasil ialah Model Leshin,
Pollock dan Reigeluth (1990).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perhatian: Modul
ini tidak membincangkan dengan mendalaml terhadap setiap model reka bentuk
pengajaran. Pelajar perlu sekadar tahu maksud reka bentuk pengajaran dan
kepentingannya dalam perancangan pengajaran di bilik darjah.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka Bentuk Strategi
Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk strategi pengajaran adalah proses memilih dan
menyusun peristiwa dan aktiviti pembelajaran dalam sesuatu unit pelajaran
termasuk juga pemilihan media yang sesuai. Antara beberapa strategi pengajaran
yang boleh digunakan ialah;</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kuliah/syarahan</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Bersoal jawab</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sumbang saran</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perbincangan kumpulan kecil atau kumpulan besar</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Demonstrasi</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Tutorial</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Temubual</span></li>
<li><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Main peranan (role play)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Pilihlah strategi pengajaran yang sesuai dengan tajuk
yang diajar, objektif pengajaran dan juga keperluan pelajar. Kadang-kadang kita
boleh menggabungkan lebih dari satu strategi pengajaran dalam satu masa. Ada
strategi pengajaran yang menumpukan kepada guru sahaja (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">teachers' centered</i>), ada yang berpusatkan pelajar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">students centered</i>) dan ada pula strategi
pengajaran yang menumpukan kepada aktiviti yang dijalankan. Pemilihan media
juga perlu dilakukan supaya sesuai dengan strategi yang digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka Bentuk
Mesej Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk mesej pengajaran adalah merancang untuk
menggunakan cara dan format yang paling sesuai untuk menyampaikan mesej kepada
pelajar. Contohnya; reka bentuk skrin komputer; penggunaan warna dalam
penyediaan poster, carta dan sebagainya, penghurufan seperti saiz dan jenis
huruf; jenis media seperti video, audio, gambar dan sebagainya. Selain itu
aspek-aspek grafik juga perlu diketahui sedikit sebanyak oleh guru agar dapat
menyediakan bahan pembelajaran yang dapat mencapai objektif pengajaran, atau
dapat memilih menggunakan bahan yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Ciri-Ciri
Pelajar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Latar belakang pengalaman pelajar seperti kemahiran,
pengetahuan dan sikap yang sedia ada memberikan kesan terhadap proses
pembelajaran. Banyak kajian telah mendapati tahap pengetahuan sedia ada pelajar
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">entry level</i>) adalah mempengaruhi
pencapaian pelajar. Harus diingatkan bahawa tahap pengetahuan sedia ada pelajar
adalah amat berbeza antara satu sama lain. Guru perlu sentiasa mengambil
perhatian dan tumpuan yang khusus terhadap faktor ini. Kita tidak boleh
mengambil mudah dengan menganggap bahawa semua pelajar dalam sesuatu kelas itu
adalah sama, sama ada semua mereka sudah tahu atau semua mereka tidak tahu
apa-apa tentang pelajaran yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>disampaikan. Faktor kesihatan juga adalah amat penting untuk diberi
perhatian oleh guru. Ada pelajar yang datang dari berbagai latar belakang
sosio-ekonomi yang melibatkan aspek pemakanan yang sempurna dan tahap kesihatan
yang berbeza-beza.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Penggunaan
Reka Bentuk Pengajaran Dalam Proses Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Terdapat berbagai-bagai model reka bentuk pengajaran
seperti Briggs (1977), Brigss & Wager (1988, 1992), Model ASSURE (1982,
1985, 1989, 1993, 1996), Model Romizowski (1981, 1984, 1988), Model Dick &
Carey (1978, 1985, 1990) dan Model Dick & Reiser (1989).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dari pelbagai model ini, satu rumusan dapat dibuat dan
model reka bentuk sistem pengajaran bersepadu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Integrated Instructional System Design</i>) telah dicadangkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Model Reka
Bentuk Sistem Pengajaran Bersepadu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Integrated
Instructional System Design)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Terdapat lima peringkat dalam model ini;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peringkat
Pertama: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="15" width="172"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="282"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251673600;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Penentuan
Isi Kandungan Pelajaran</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<br />
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Daripada sukatan pelajaran, guru perlu menentukan apakah
tajuk yang akan disampaikan. Sumber rujukan seperti buku teks, buku rujukan,
media dan guru pakar adalah sumber-sumber yang dapat membantu guru untuk
mendapatkan bahan yang sesuai dan terkini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peringkat
Kedua: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="5" width="136"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="246"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251674624;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Membina
Media Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sebelum memulakan pengajaran, guru perlu menganalisis isi
kandungan pelajaran dan membina media yang sesuai untuk membantu
penyampaiannya. Sekiranya media pengajaran telah disediakan di pusat sumber
sekolah (PSS), guru harus mengetahui bagaimana membuat pemilihan media yang
sesuai dan tepat dengan keperluan isi kandungan. Sekiranya perlu membina media
pengajaran sendiri, guru perlu mengetahui sedikit sebanyak asas pembinaan media
pengajaran seperti penggunaan kaedah pendekatan sistem dan model reka bentuk
pengajaran tertentu (contohnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Model
ASSURE).</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peringkat
Ketiga: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="2" width="148"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="198"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251675648;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Merancang
Pengajaran</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Satu persediaan pengajaran perlu disediakan untuk
memudahkan guru menyampaikan isi kandungan pelajaran melalui strategi
pengajaran yang telah dipilih dan mengintegrasikan penggunaan media pengajaran.
Persediaan pengajaran harus mempunyai beberapa elemen tertentu seperti objektif
pengajaran, apa yang dilakukan oleh guru, penggunaan media, cara pelajar bertindak
balas dengan guru dan kaedah pengajaran yang digunakan untuk mencapai objektif
pengajaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peringkat
Keempat: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251676672;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; left: 156px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 210px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="210"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251676672;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Pelaksanaan Pengajaran</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Peringkat ini adalah peringkat yang paling penting di
mana berlakunya proses pembelajaran yang telah dirancangkan secara sistematik.
Peranan guru dan media pengajaran adalah membantu proses pengajaran dan
pembelajaran. Elemen-elemen penting dalam peringkat ini adalah seperti;
menyampaikan maklumat dan contoh, latihan dan maklum balas, motivasi, pengayaan
dan pemulihan, penilaian dan aktiviti susulan (kerja rumah). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peringkat
Kelima: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251677696;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; left: 156px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 198px;">
</span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="198"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251677696;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Proses
Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Kejayaan sesuatu pengajaran adalah bergantung kepada
perancangan yang sistematik. Sekiranya proses pembelajaran berlaku, maka
perubahan tingkah laku pelajar dapat dilihat sama ada dari segi sikap,
kemahiran psikomotor atau pengetahuan dalam bidang tertentu. Sekiranya objektif
pengajaran tidak tercapai, maka guru harus mengkaji semula kaedah pengajaran
yang dilakukan termasuk media pengajaran yang digunakan. Guru perlu mengulang
semula pengajarannya dan memastikan objektif pengajaran tercapai sepenuhnya
(mengulang kaji pelajaran contohnya). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> Kepentingan
Reka bentuk Pengajaran.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk pengajaran adalah satu disiplin dalam
pendidikan yang memberikan tumpuan kepada memberikan kefahaman terhadap proses
pengajaran dan cara-cara meningkatkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Pengetahuan luas dalam kaedah pengajaran akan membantu guru menyelesaikan
masalah yang dihadapi dalam pengajaran. Reka bentuk pengajaran dapat membantu
proses pembelajaran untuk individu, kumpulan kecil atau kumpulan besar. Guru
yang masuk ke kelas tanpa menyedia dan merancang pengajaran akan kehilangan
pengajarannya dan dalam beberapa keadaan tidak dapat menilai apa yang telah
diajarnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Reka bentuk pengajaran adalah merupakan suatu cabang
dalam bidang Teknologi Pendidikan. Teknologi pendidikan adalah satu cara
pemikiran dan juga menentukan matlamat-matlamat pendidikan yang boleh dicapai
oleh pelajar. Ia adalah satu proses yang menggalakkan guru membuat pertimbangan
tentang pemilihan strategi pengajaran dan media. Teknologi pendidikan juga
merupakan satu proses bersepadu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
melibatkan manusia (guru dan pelajar), prosedur, idea, peralatan dan organisasi
untuk menganalisis masalah-masalah, mereka bentuk, melaksana, menilai dan
menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan aspek-aspek pembelajaran manusia.
Kadang kala teknologi pendidikan dikaitkan dengan penggunaan alat-alat seperti
komputer, televisyen, radio dan pelbagai media lain sebagai bahan bantuan
kepada guru dalam menyampaikan maklumat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-31662519937492632152013-07-24T11:58:00.003+08:002013-07-24T11:58:35.598+08:00METAFORA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Konsep metafora adalah konsep perancangan yang
mengungkapkan atau mengidentifikasikan hubungan antara benda-benda yang lebih
bersifat abstrak daripada yang sebenarnya (nyata). Bentuk-bentuk yang nyata
tersebut diolah dan dipadukan dengan imajinasi seseorang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkataan metafora
adalah berasal daripada bahasa Yunani iaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metapherin</i>.
</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">‘meta’ bermaksud ‘atas’ dan ‘phrein’ bermaksud ‘diangkat’. Metafora merujuk
kepada satu set proses linguistik yang mana sesetengah karakteristik sesuatu
subjek ‘<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">diangkat ke atas</span></i>’
atau dipindahkan kepada objek yang lain. Oleh yang demikian, jika
objek yang kedua dituturkan atau diaplikasikan seolah-olah ia berada pada
kedudukan objek yang pertama. Metafora ialah penggunaan kata-kata yang
menerbitkan makna yang lain dari makna yang tersurat. Contoh perkataan api
maknanya nyalaan panas yang membakar, dan mata adalah alat untuk melihat.
Kedua-dua perkataan api dan mata boleh menjadi metafora seperti di ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matanya ada api</i>’.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Metafora juga menggambarkan sistem konseptual sesuatu
bahasa dan kepercayaan terhadap kebudayaan para penutur asli bahasa tersebut.
Metafora ialah kiasan yang tidak menggunakan perkataan-perkataan seperti <i>seolah-olah,
ibarat, seakan-akan, bak, seperti, laksana, macam, bagai </i>dan<i> umpama</i>.
Dalam ayat “ Budak itu <i>lembu </i>”,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
‘<i>lembu</i>’ ialah metafora. Dalam ayat “ Budak itu bodoh seperti lembu ”, ‘<i>lembu’</i>
ialah perumpamaan kerana terdapat perkataan ‘<i>seperti’</i> sebelum ‘<i>lembu’</i>.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metafora adalah
kiasan retoris didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan langsung antara dua perkara
yang kelihatan tidak berhubungan. Dalam metafora, sebuah objek pertama
digambarkan sebagai orang atau tepat sama dengan objek kedua. Oleh itu, objek
pertama dapat dijelaskan secara ekonomis karena implisit dan eksplisit atribut
dari objek kedua digunakan untuk meningkatkan penjelasan objek yang pertama.
Metafora<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimanfaatkan dalam sastera,
terutamanya dalam puisi, dimana dengan sedikit kata-kata, emosi dan asosiasi
dari satu objek dapat dikaitkan dengan objek lain. </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metafora sering
dilihat sebagai fungsi kognitif dasar iaitu manusia secara alami melihat
ciri-ciri umum sesuatu objek berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang berbeda, dan perkara
seperti ini mungkin diperlukan untuk pemahaman dan pembelajaran. Sebuah
metafora adalah bersifat umum iaitu sebuah kiasan yang digunakan untuk melukis satu
konsep dengan ciri-ciri yang biasanya berkait dengan yang lain.</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dapatan kajian menegaskan bahawa metafora wujud dalam
kehidupan seharian manusia melalui bahasa, pemikiran dan tindakan manusia.
Penggunaan metafora didasari oleh skema imej. Metafora melambangkan maksud yang
berlainan daripada ekspresi yang
diujarkan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kebiasaannya <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">metafora</span>
terdiri daripada dua patah kata contohnya seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lembah duka, lautan api, kota kesengsaraan, cahaya kepintaran, tunas
harapan, padang kehidupan, madu kesusahan</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cuka kesangsian</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">piala
remaja</i>. Contoh metafora di atas adalah suatu cara untuk mendeskripsikan
sesuatu dengan mengatakan bahawa terdapat suatu perkara lain yang mempunyai
kualiti terhadap sesuatu yang hendak dijelaskan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Contoh-contoh
metafora:</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Angin
berbisik padaku tentangmu, Malam sedang menunggu matahari, Roda kehidupan,
Kotak ingatan, Gelora kenangan, Gerabak kenangan, Kolam kenangan,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Titian kasih, Bibir nasihat, Jari
maklumat, Seruling ilmu, Gunung matlamat, Lumut mundur, Hujan kejayaan, Gitar kesedaran,
Sejadah keakraban, Bukit hasrat, Pondok jasa, Wuduk kesedaran, Mentari azam,
Kemarau ilmu, Angin rasa.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menurut pakar bahasa, terdapat juga persamaan antara
metafora dengan perumpamaan seperti:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Harapkan
pagar, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pagar makan padi</span>.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Biar mati
anak, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jangan mati adat.</span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Belakang
parang kalau diasah lagikan tajam, inikan pula otak manusia.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Seperti
kerbau dicucuk hidung.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Bagai murai
dicabut ekor.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kepentingan
Metafora</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Metafora adalah cara yang <span style="color: red;">berkesan
untuk menyampaikan sesuatu</span>. Bahasa metafora bukan sahaja lembut pada
pendengaran tetapi juga memiliki unsur kelucuan. Walaupun ada antara bahasa
metafora ini dapat dijadikan bahasa sindiran namun jarang sekali pendengarnya
yang sakit hati walaupun sindiran tersebut ditujukan kepadanya. Metafora lahir
daripada idea yang kreatif yang tidak jauh daripada unsur-unsur kiasan.
Penggunaannya berkait rapat dengan kepercayaan, sikap dan nilai masyarakat.
Penggunaan metafora dalam kehidupan masyarakat menunjukkan ketinggian tahap
pemikiran bermula sejak dahulu kerana mampu mencipta pelbagai bentuk metafora
yang menjadi kekayaan warisan bangsa.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tali adalah benda yang halus panjang
untuk mengikat sesuatu, kasih adalah perasaan sayang terhadap seseorang atau
sesuatu. Tapi jika disebut tali kasih akan membawa makna tersendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menggambarkan keadaan yang tersirat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mengelakkan penggunaan bahasa kasar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menunjukkan budaya masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-74333295342063819122013-07-24T11:55:00.003+08:002013-07-24T11:55:51.697+08:00ANALOGI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menurut istilah Kesusasteraan, <span class="hightlighter">analogi</span>
merupakan suatu kaedah penyelesaian masalah berasaskan bentuk ungkapan yang
telah diketahui dengan yang belum diketahui. Perbandingan di antara dua perkara
atau keadaan yang mempunyai persamaan dalam beberapa aspek tertentu. </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam ilmu bahasa adalah persamaan
antara bentuk yang menjadi dasar terjadinya bentuk-bentuk yang lain. Analogi
merupakan salah satu proses morfologi dimana dalam analogi, pembentukan kata baharu
daripada kata yang telah ada.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi lain
yang di maksud dengan analogi adalah suatu proses menggunakan
perbandingan dua hal yang berbeda dengan cara melihat persamaan dari dua hal
yang diperbandingkan tersebut sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memperjelas suatu
konsep. Analogi adalah </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">bersifat abstrak dan imaginatif, berlainan daripada makna
perkataan yang biasa, lazim dan harfiah, antaranya ialah ungkapan, frasa,
perkataan yang memanfaatkan penggunaan bahasa kiasan, lambang, metafora
dan sebagainya bagi menyatakan makna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="hightlighter"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analogi</span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> juga
bermaksud kias, perbandingan (yang memperlihatkan ciri-ciri persamaan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencipta
Analogi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analogi ialah
kenyataan yang dicipta daripada perbandingan antara satu perkara dengan perkara
yang lain berdasarkan ciri-ciri persamaan dan perbezaan untuk menyatakan maksud
tertentu. Biasanya analogi menggunakan kata bandingan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti, bagai, macam, umpama untuk
membandingkan suatu perkara dengan perkara atau objek yang lain bagi menyatakan
maksud tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
penggunaan analogi adalah untuk membantu seseorang menambah dan
mempercepatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kefahaman tentang sesuatu
perkara. Analogi juga dapat membantu seseorang menjustifikasikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumusan yang dibuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan persefahaman antara satu objek
dengan yang lain. Penggunaan analogi juga dapat membantu menonjolkan ciri am
yang terdapat pada objek-objek tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana cara untuk mencipta analogi?</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa soalan
boleh dikemukakan untuk membantu mengembangkan lagi kemahiran mencipta analogi
sepeti berikut:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Objek iti sama
seperti apa?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejauhmanakah
objek kedua itu sama dengan objek pertama ?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Analogi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badannya kurus macam lidi.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mukanya bujur macam telur.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bangunan di Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur tumbuh macam cendawan
selepas hujan.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanak-kanak itu lapar seperti anak burung yang kehilangan
ibu.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru itu garang macam harimau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-62982923405455725632013-07-24T11:54:00.000+08:002013-07-24T11:56:50.539+08:00PETA MINDA<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Peta minda adalah merupakan satu struktur yang dilukis di
atas kertas yang mengandungi idea penting dimana idea utama berada di
tengah-tengah rajah dan idea-idea lain yang berkembang daripada idea utama
berpecah keluar ke seluruh sudut dengan menggunakan garisan, bongkah geometri
dan sebagainya. Peta minda dibentuk berdasarkan kepada pemikiran otak manusia
memproses maklumat. Otak manusia memproses maklumat dengan cara linear, membuat
pengelolaan yang menyeluruh, menganalisis dan sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dalam peta minda, maklumat penting disusun dengan
menyeluruh supaya menghasilkan struktur pola yang kreatif. Ini adalah selaras
dengan cara otak memperoses dan merakam maklumat. Penyelidikan menunjukkan otak
menggunakan pengelolaan keseluruhan untuk menghubungkaitkan idea
penting.maklumat yang dirakan mengikut struktur yang sistematik akan memudahkan
dirakam dalam ingatan jangka panjang daripada maklumat yang disusun secara
linear.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kepentingan
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menyampaikan persembahan dengan mudah, lancar dan
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memudahkan pelajar mencatat nota semasa ceramah, kuliah
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Meningkatkan daya ingatan kepada fakta.</span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menggabungkan fungsi otak kiri dengan otak kanan.</span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Idea lebih fleksibel, kreatif dan menarik serta mudah
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Hubungan idea dalam peta minda mudah dikenalpasti kerana
dilengkapkan dengan simbol, rajah, bongkah dan warna yang menarik. Penyelidikan
mendapati semua idea dan maklumat yang pernah dialami adalah dirakam dalam
ingatan dan peta minda adal sebagi kunci pembuka kepada idea tersebut.
Penggunaan peta minda boleh meningkatkan daya pemerhatian dan pemusatan yang
mana dapat melibatkan semua anggota. Peta minda juga sangat penting digunakan
semasa pelajar membuat ulangkaji pelajaran atau bahan bacaan. Peta minda yang
dilukis semasa mengulangkaji pelajaran adalah ringkas, memberikan makna yang
nyata dan tersirat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Cara Melukis
Peta Minda</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Cari semua maklumat mengenai sesuatu topik atau bab yang
dibaca. </span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Cari kata kinci yang sesuai untuk digunakan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Contoh:</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Keperluan asas manusia.</span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Maklumat penting ialah:, udara, air dan tempat tinggal</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Contoh di bawah adalah menunjukkan punca-punca masalah
disiplin murid di sekolah. Masalah disiplin murid boleh dipengaruhi oleh
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<a href="http://seronoknyabelajar.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/080611-peta-minda.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span></span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pelbagai bentuk boleh digunakan semasa melukis peta
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-11008519304198478012013-07-24T11:51:00.000+08:002013-07-24T11:57:14.901+08:00PERANCANGAN UNTUK MEMUPUK PEMIKIRAN ANALITIKAL DAN KREATIF<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pemikiran
Analitikal dan Kreatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pemikiran analitikal tidak banyak
bezanya dengan pemikiran </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">kritis. Namun jika diteliti dengan
lebih mendalam ada perbezaan yang</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">ketara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">PEMIKIRAN ANALITIKAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pemikiran kritikal adalah memahami
sesuatu perkara secara keseluruhan dengan memahami semua komponennya (misalnya
melihat </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 2.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">pelaksanaan suatu proses pengajaran
dan pembelajaran dengan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">menentukan bagaimana faktor seperti
bilangan murid, kemudahan yang disediakan, mata pelajaran yang diajar dan
sebagainya mempengaruhi proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran tersebut tanpa
membuat apa-apa </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">penghakiman terhadap keberkesanan
pengajaran dan pembelajaran </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">tersebut). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kemahiran ini digunakan untuk
mendefinisikan konsep atau item dan juga </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">untuk mengenali antara konsep atau item yang hampir
serupa. Untuk itu </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">an</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">da pe</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">rlu me</span></span><span class="l8"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">ng</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">enal pasti krit</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">eria sepe</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">rt</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">i ciri, si</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">fat</span></span><span class="l9"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">, ku</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">alit</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">i da</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">n unsur</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">sesuatu
konsep atau objek.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="a"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kemahiran
Pemikiran Analitikal</span></b></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencirikan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemahiran ini digunakan untuk mendefinisikan konsep atau item dan juga </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk mengenali
antara konsep atau item yang hampir serupa. Untuk itu </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anda perlu mengenal pasti kriteria
seperti ciri, sifat, kualiti dan unsur </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesuatu konsep atau objek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membanding dan Membezakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu mencari persamaan dan perbezaan berdasarkan kriteria seperti </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ciri, sifat,
kualiti dan unsur sesuatu objek atau peristiwa. Kemahiran ini </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan apabila
terdapat dua atau lebih ciri atau kemungkinan. Ia juga </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk membuat pilihan dan keputusan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengumpul dan mengelaskan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu mengasing dan mengumpulkan objek atau fenomena kepada </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kumpulan masing-masing berdasarkan
kriteria tertentu seperti ciri atau sifat. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">Pengumpulan
ini adalah berdasarkan ciri atau sifat sepunya. Selalunya </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">kem</span></span><span class="l8"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">ahi</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">ran ini dig</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">una</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">kan apab</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">il</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">a ter</span></span><span class="l8"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">dap</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">at banyak ite</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">m ata</span></span><span class="l6"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">u mak</span></span><span class="l7"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS;">lumat, </span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">atau
pun item dan maklumat yang tidak tersusun.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat Urutan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu menyusun objek atau maklumat mengikut tertib berdasarkan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kualiti atau kuantiti,
ciri atau sifatnya seperti saiz, masa, bentuk atau </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bilangan. Kemahiran ini digunakan
untuk menyusun item atau maklumat supaya mudah difahami dan item tertentu mudah
dikesan.</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyusun Mengikut Keutamaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu
menyusun objek atau maklumat mengikut tertib berdasarkan kepentingan atau
kesegeraan. Kemahiran ini digunakan untuk menonjolkan perkara yang mustahak dan
menentukan tindakan yang perlu dibuat dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalisis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu
mengolah maklumat dengan menghuraikannya kepada bahagian <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">yang lebih kecil bagi memahami sesuatu konsep
atau peristiwa serta </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">mencari makna
yang tersirat. Anda boleh menggunakan kemahiran ini </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">untuk mengenali bahagian-bahagian, memahami
hubung kait antara</span>bahagian dan mengenali prinsip yang terlibat.
Menganalisis ialah kemahiran yang kompleks menggunakan beberapa ciri kemahiran
berfikir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengesan Kecondongan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda boleh mengesan pandangan atau pendapat yang berpihak kepada </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesuatu atau
menentang sesuatu. Kemahiran ini diguna apabila terdapat </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesuatu pernyataan yang cuba
mempengaruhi keputusan atau pendapat </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seseorang. Anda boleh juga menggunakan kemahiran ini untuk menimbang <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">ketepatan sesuatu sumber maklumat atau pernyataan
atau mengenal pasti kecondongan pandangan seseorang. Bagaimanakah kita hendak
mengenal</span>pasti kecondongan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menilai</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda perlu membuat pertimbangan tentang sesuatu perkara dari segi </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kebaikan dan
keburukan berdasarkan bukti yang sahih. Kemahiran ini </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 2.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk membuat keputusan
bagi memilih sesuatu atau </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menerima atau menolak sesuatu idea. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda boleh membuat penyataan tentang hasil sesuatu kajian yang </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berdasarkan kepada
sesuatu hipotesis atau mengukuhkan sesuatu perkara</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">PEMIKIRAN KREATIF</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkara yang
ditimbulkan apabila kita berfikir secara kreatif ialah: kita <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">perlukan idea baru, ada atau tidak cara yang lain,
cuba cari kaedah </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">yang lebih mudah,
ada atau tidak cara lain untuk menerangkan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">perkara ini, tolong fikirkan kemungkinan lain, kita tidak mahu lagi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">penyelesaian cara sekarang, cara ini belum dicuba,
ini idea lama dan tentu </span>ada cara lain. Berikut ialah contoh setiap
pemikiran kreatif:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjana idea</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda boleh
menjanakan idea yang banyak secara spontan berkaitan dengan <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">sesuatu perkara. Kemahiran ini digunakan apabila
anda ingin mencari idea baharu atau mencari alternatif. Sebagai langkah
permulaan anda perlu fokus </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">tentang
apa tajuk yang hendak dibincangkan, misalnya, cara mengurus </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">bahan buangan yang sistematik. Anda perlu
senaraikan semua idea yang </span>dikemukakan, renung kembali idea yang
dikemukakan, tambah lagi idea jikaada, dan hubungkaitkan idea-idea yang telah
disumbangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat inferens</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah ini ialah merupakan langkah yang diambil oleh individu untuk </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat kesimpulan awal yang mungkin
benar atau pun tidak berdasarkan <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">maklumat
daripada pemerhatian. Anda boleh menggunakan kemahiran ini </span>apabila
hendak merancang langkah-langkah tindakan atau membuat pilihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghubungkaitkan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda boleh membuat perkaitan untuk mencari sesuatu struktur atau corak
perhubungan. Kemahiran ini digunakan untuk membuat inferens, meramal, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat hipotesis,
membuat kesimpulan dan mengitlak. Bagaimana langkah penggunaannya? Anda perlu
kenal pasti masalah, buat analisis </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tentang keadaan dan kenal pasti aspek yang boleh
dihubungkaitkan. </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian, buat
pernyataan tentang perkaitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meramal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila anda membuat jangkaan tentang sesuatu peristiwa berdasarkan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemerhatian dan
pengalaman yang lalu atau data yang boleh dipercayai, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anda telah membuat ramalan. Kemahiran ini digunakan untuk
menjuruskan, <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">merancang dan mempertimbangkan
pilihan. Apabila anda ingin meramal </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">anda
perlu perhatikan atau kumpul maklumat. Kemudian tentukan pola </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">yang terdapat pada kumpulan maklumat. Kemudian, buat
jangkaan yang </span>paling sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat hipotesis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pemikiran kreatif anda boleh membuat penyataan umum yang </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghubungkaitkan
pembolehubah-pembolehubah bagi menerangkan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 2.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesuatu perkara atau peristiwa.
Kenyataan ini boleh diuji untuk</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuktikan
kesahihannya. Anda boleh menggunakan kemahiran ini pada peringkat awal apabila
hendak menjalankan sesuatu eksperimen, kajian atau penyelidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya: <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">Sebuah pusat membeli belah mendapat keuntungan
sehari pada </span>hari biasa sebanyak RM 500,000.00, manakala pada hari
menjelang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">perayaan pusat beli belah
tersebut mendapat keuntungan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">sebanyak
RM 1 juta sehari. Bagaimana kita membina hipotesis </span>berdasarkan fakta
ini? <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">Langkah yang anda perlu ambil adalah
perhatikan situasi atau keadaan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">tersebut.
Nyatakan mengapa situasi atau keadaan tersebut terjadi sedemikian. Berikan satu
jawapan yang rasional sebagai hipotesis.</span>Kemudian anda perlu semak sama
ada hipotesis tersebut boleh diuji. Contoh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">hipotesis
yang boleh dijana bagi situasi di atas ialah “Keuntungan sehari </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">pusat membeli belah menjelang hari perayaan
meningkat dua kali ganda </span>berbanding hari biasa”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mensintesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemahiran ini menggabungkan idea, unsur, item dan perkara yang </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berasingan dan
menghasilkan gambaran yang menyeluruh dalam bentuk </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pernyataan, esei, lukisan dan artifak. Anda boleh
menggunakan kemahiran <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">ini untuk membuat
kesimpulan, mengitlak atau menyediakan tajuk. Anda</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> juga boleh menghasilkan bentuk komunikasi
seperti lukisan, peta, rajah, </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">puisi
dan laporan. Untuk mensintesis maklumat, apakah langkah-langkah </span>yang
perlu diambil? Anda <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">perlu mengenal pasti dan
mendefinisikan tajuk, perkara atau subjek </span>terlebih dahulu. Kemudian,
kumpulkan data atau maklumat yang berkaitan. <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">Selepas
itu, anda boleh kelaskan idea, data atau maklumat dalam kategori yang berkaitan
dengan tajuk, perkara atau subjek. Akhir sekali anda boleh </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">kenal pasti hubung kait antara kategori dengan
kategori dan kategori </span>dengan tajuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengitlak </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda boleh membuat pernyataan umum terhadap keseluruhan kumpulan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maklumat
berdasarkan pemerhatian ke atas sesuatu sampel kumpulan. Anda boleh menggunakan
kemahiran ini untuk mencari pola, menyusun </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maklumat dan meramal. Bagaimanakah
anda hendak mengitlak? Mula-mula anda perlu kumpulkan data. Kemudian cari pola
yang sepunya dan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">buatkan
pengitlakan. Selepas itu imbas semula kesahihan pengitlakan yang dibuat.
Setelah sahih, barulah kita boleh membuat kenyataan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalogi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seseorang itu
boleh membentuk kefahaman tentang sesuatu konsep dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">cara mengaitkan konsep itu dengan perkara yang mudah, maujud dan </span>mempunyai
ciri yang serupa. Anda boleh menggunakan kemahiran ini untuk <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">memahami konsep atau perkara yang abstrak dengan
cara mengaitkannya </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">dengan sesuatu
yang maujud yang telah diketahui. Anda boleh </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">membandingkan dua perkara yang tidak sama, kemudian cari sifat yang </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">serupa yang boleh dihubungkaitkan dan nyatakan
hubungkait sebagai </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">metafora. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya; membuat analogi mengenai fungsi jantung dalam </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengepam darah ke seluruh badan. Untuk
membuat analogi kita perlu buat <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">perbandingan
‘jantung’ dengan ‘pam’. Kita cari sifat yang serupa iaitu </span>kedua-duanya
mengepam cecair. Kemudian kita menyatakan hubungkaitnya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">iaitu
‘jantung adalah seperti pam’. Kemahiran menganalogi akan</span>dibincangkan
dengan lebih lanjut dalam seksyen selepas ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat Gambaran Mental</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila anda membuat tanggapan atau membayangkan sesuatu idea, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konsep, keadaan
atau gagasan dalam minda atau fikiran, anda telah </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat gambaran mental. Anda boleh menggunakan kemahiran
ini untuk <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">memahami konsep yang abstrak dan
mengingati konsep yang kompleks.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contohnya: Bayangkan apa yang anda akan lakukan jika tsunami melanda </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">secara tiba-tiba di tempat anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mereka Cipta</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam perkara ini, jika anda boleh menghasilkan sesuatu yang baru atau </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melakukan
pengubahsuaian kepada sesuatu yang sedia ada dalam bentuk </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maujud atau bukan, anda telah mereka
cipta. Untuk mereka cipta anda </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perlu kenal
pasti keperluan, cabaran atau persoalan. Selepas itu anda boleh <span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;">menjana idea dan pilih idea mana yang paling
sesuai untuk memenuhi keperluan. Setelah itu, anda boleh cuba dan uji idea.
Jika idea tersebut </span>tidak memenuhi keperluan, anda boleh ubah suai atau
pilih idea yang lain. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">Apakah teknik yang
boleh membina dan merangsang </span>pemikiran analitikal dan kreatif?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda telah didedahkan dengan konsep pemikiran analitikal
dan kreatif.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> Tahukah anda bahawa
berfikir adalah satu aktiviti yang dinamik dan </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">kompleks? Justeru, adalah penting setiap individu belajar teknik </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">berfikir yang betul menggunakan kaedah pemikiran
yang telah dicipta oleh </span>pakar-pakar pemikir. Antara teknik memupuk
pemikiran analitikal dan kreatif adalah melalui penggunaan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta minda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurusan
grafik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta konsep.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analogi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemikiran
lateral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="a"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pelbagai kecerdasan.</span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-78966872088560757302013-07-24T11:50:00.001+08:002013-07-24T11:57:37.962+08:00PERANCANGAN PENGAJARAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Berikut di bawah adalah petikan Surat Pekeliling </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikhtisas BIL. 3/1999: </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyediaan Rekod Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KP (BS) 8591/Jilid XV/ (3) yang menjadi satu arahan yang
mesti bagi setiap orang guru di Malaysia untuk merancang dan menyediakan
rancangan pengajaran bagi setiap mata pelajaran yang diajar. Sila teliti
petikan kandungan surat pekeliling di bawah.</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ 3. Dengan Surat Pekeliling lkhtisas ini,
berkuatkuasakan pada tarikh ia dikeluarkan, Rekod Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
hendaklah mengandungi hanya dua unsur sahaja,</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iaitu (i) Rancangan Pelajaran Tahunan, dan (ii) Rancangan
Pelajaran Harian. Pengetua, Guru Besar atau wakilnya hendaklah memastikan
kedua-dua unsur tersebut dibuat mengikut prinsip-prinsip perancangan yang
mutakhir”</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(i) RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN TAHUNAN</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rancangan Pengajaran Tahuan mengandungi secara ringkas
isi pengajaran dan pembelajaran berdasarkan sukatan pelajaran kebangsaanyang
dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(ii) RANCANGAN PELAJARAN HARIAN</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rancangan Pelajaran Harian merupakan terjemahan Rancangan
Pelajaran</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahunan yang mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya maklumat
seperti objektif,</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cara bagaimana hendak mencapai objektif dan kenyataan
sejauh mana</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">objektif itu tercapai.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Rekod Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran bolehlah disediakan
dalam apa jua bentuk</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang munasabah dan sesuai dengan teknologi semasa. la
haruslah diurus dengan sempurna dan dapat dikemukakan dengan serta merta
apabila dikehendaki oleh pihak yang diberi kuasa. Bahan-bahan lain yang
berkaitan dengan penyediaan Rancangan Pelajaran Tahunan dan Rancangan Pelajaran
Harian juga perlu diurus dengan baik dan dapat dikemukakan dengan serta merta
apabila dikehendaki oleh pihak yang diberi kuasa.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Petikan daripada </span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SURAT PEKELILING IKHTISAS BIL. 3/1999:</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyediaan Rekod Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KP (BS) 8591/Jilid XV/ (3)</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9 Mac 1999</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Setiap orang guru perlu memahami arahan surat pekeliling
ini dan mematuhinya. Pihak pentadbir sekolah dan juga Kementerian Pelajaran
Malaysia (KPM) amat mengambil berat dan memastikan pematuhan terhadap surat
pekeliling ini sentiasa dilakukan oleh pihak guru. Pemantau oleh pentadbir
sekolah, daerah, negeri dan persekutuan sentiasa dilaksanakan untuk memastikan
arahan ini dipatuhi. Tindakan boleh diambil oleh KPM sekiranya guru tidak mematuhi
arahan ini.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perancangan pengajaran perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan
proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (P&P) dapat berjalan lancar tanpa
gangguan dan guru perlu merancang dalam pengajaran dengan baik. Hasil kajian
mendapati punca kegawatan tingkah laku pelajar, prestasi rendah pelajar di
sekolah-sekolah adalah berpunca daripada pengajaran tidak dirancang dengan baik
dalam bilik darjah. Kemahiran dan kecekapan guru dalam perancangan menguruskan
bilik darjah akan dapat menghindari pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang tidak
efektif. Pengurusan bilik darjah yang berkesan adalah pemangkin kepada kecemerlangan
murid bagi melahirkan modal insan yang seimbang daripada segi intelek, rohani
dan jasmani selaras dengan hasrat Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (FPK). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Penyediaan rancangan pengajaran memerlukan ketelitian dan
kreativiti guru. Proses ini boleh dilakukan secara berkumpulan di dalam panitia
mata pelajaran masing-masing. Model perancangan yang sesuai seperti plan, do,
check and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>act boleh digunakan sebagai
garis panduan penyediaan rancangan pengajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Plan</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> (Rancang)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Aktiviti pengajaran yang dirancang dengan rapi dan
sistematik dapat mengelakkan pelaksanaan secara ad-hoc. Guru tidak boleh meniru
aktiviti pengajaran daripada rakan-rakan lain semata-mata. Guru perlu menyemak
Sukatan Pelajaran sesuatu mata pelajaran disamping menjadikan Huraian Sukatan
Pelajaran (HSP) sebagai panduan untuk merancang aktiviti pengajaran yang lebi
kreatif dan inovatif. Rujuk HSP supaya semua kemahiran yang perlu dikuasai oleh
seseorang murid telah dicakupi dalam perancangan pengajaran masing-masing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Do</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> (Buat) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Setelah perancangan dihasilkan, guru mesti melaksanakan
dengan sepenuhnya. Peringkat ini adalah paling penting dan kritikal kerana dapat
menentukan kejayaan setiap perancangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Check</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> (Semak)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Semakan perlu dilakukan oleh guru-guru supaya perancangan
yang telah dilakukan mencapai objektifnya. Kemungkinan objektif perlu dibuat
penambahbaikan supaya sesuai dengan murid dan persekitaran pembelajaran. Kaedah
penilaian juga begitu penting dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran, oleh itu,
semakan perancangan dapat menambah baik lagi aktiviti penilaian yang telah
dirancang supaya mencapai objektif seperti terkandung dalam sukatan pelajaran.
Pentadbir sekolah sebagai pemimpin instruksional perlu memantau setiap perancangan
pengajaran yang telah disediakan oleh guru. Sebagai pentadbir, mereka perlu
memberikan pandangan dan nasihat kepada guru supaya mematuhi setiap perancangan
yang telah dibuat sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Act</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> (Bertindak)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Tindakan yang seharusnya diambil oleh setiap guru adalah
apabila mendapati perancangan yang telah dibuat tidak mencapai sasaran atau
wujud kelemahan. Oleh itu, panitia mata pelajaran seharusnya memainkan peranan
yang penting bagi membuat tindakan susulan terhadap kelemahan dan kekurangan
dalam perancangan yang telah dibuat. Apa yang berlaku di sekolah ialah tindakan
ini tidak berlaku, malah proses menyemak sama ada perancangan yang telah dibuat
juga tidak dilaksanakan. Perancangan pengajaran yang digunakan oleh guru adalah
perancangan yang telah dibuat sekian lama dan digunakan berterusan dengan
menukar tarikh sahaja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Rancangan
Pengajaran Tahunan (RPT)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rancangan
Pengajaran Tahunan adalah berdasarkan takwim minggu persekolahan. Rancangan
Pengajaran Tahunan ini perlu disediakan pada awal tahun atau awal semester
sebelum sesi persekolahan bermula dimana ia berfungsi sebagai panduan bagi
perlaksanaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Perancangan ini perlu dibuat untuk
tempoh satu tahun bagi setiap mata pelajaran yang diajar oleh setiap guru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rancangan Pengajaran
Tahunan merangkumi skop berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemahiran bagi
setahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senarai
kemahiran-kemahiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Skop pelajaran
yang perlu , untuk menguasai kemahiran-kemahiran tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rujukan sukatan
pelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Rancangan Pengajaran Tahunan adalah sebagai satu</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> panduan yang menyeluruh kepada semua
guru dalam melaksanakan sesuatu pengajaran. Disamping itu RPT dapat mencegah
daripada berlakunya pemesongan topik dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sesuatu pengajaran demi mencapai matlamat mata pelajaran tertentu. Penyediaan
RPT juga bertujuan untuk memastikan susunan topik-topik dalam sesuatu mata
pelajaran teratur mengikut perkembangan dan kebolehan murid. Penyediaan RPT
memudahkan guru pengganti menggambil alih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tugas guru yang sebelumnya untuk meneruskan pengajaran. Selain itu
RPT juga menjadi panduan kepada guru untuk menyelaras dan menyediakan soalan
ujian bulanan dan peperiksaan. G</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">uru dapat menyemak topik yang telah diajar dan topik yang
akan diajar dengan lebih mudah sekiranya RPT disediakan dengan jelas dan
lengkap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Rancangan
Pengajaran Harian (RPH)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rancangan Pengajaran Harian merupakan satu rekod khas yang disediakan lebih
awal oleh guru sebelum menjalankan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran di bilik
darjah. Rancangan Pengajaran Harian ini dibina sebagai panduan kepada para guru
untuk mengajar dengan lebih sistematik dan efektif serta mampu untuk mencapai
objektif pengajaran. Dokumen ini sangat penting dan berguna supaya guru dapat
menyampaikan input pembelajaran kepada para murid dengan teratur. Selain itu
RPH adalah bahan bukti bahawa guru telah membuat perancangan rapi terlebih
dahulu sebelum melaksanakan pengajaran dan pembelajaran di blik darjah.
Rancangan Pengajaran Harian yang dibina perlu merujuk kepada Rancangan
Pengajaran Tahunan (RPT), Sukatan Pelajaran (SP) dan Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran
(HSP). Maklumat yang perlu dicatatkan dalam RPH adalah hari dan tarikh, mata
pelajaran dan kelas, masa, tajuk dan objektif, kemahiran yang ingin dicapai,
aktiviti yang dijalankan serta impak atau refleksi. Guru boleh merujuk kepada </span><i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SURAT
PEKELILING IKHTISAS BIL. 3/1999 </span></i><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagi tujuan penyediaan
RPH untuk memenuhi keperluan pekeliling tersebut.</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat perbezaan format RPH yang perlu disediakan oleh Guru Pelatih
dengan guru terlatih. Guru pelatih menggunakan format RPH yang lebih mendalam.
Setiap institusi latihan perguruan mempunyai format yang tertentu bagi
penyediaan RPH oleh guru pelatih masing-masing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepentingan RPH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyediaan RPH
dalam kalangan guru dapat mengelakkan penyelewengan atau terkeluar daripada
topik atau sub topik semasa pengajaran dilakukan. Oleh kerana pengalaman dan
penguasaan isi kandungan guru adalah berbeza antara satu sama lain maka dengan
adanya RPH, persamaan daripada segi maklumat yang disampaikan akan dapat
dilakukan. Guru dapat menggunakan kreativiti masing-masing semasa merancang
aktiviti pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan. Siri aktiviti yang dirancang ini
akan membolehkan perubahan tingkah laku dan penguasaan isi kandungan mata
pelajaran yang disampaikan. Objektif atau hasil pembelajaran yang telah
dirancang dalam RPH menjadikan pengajaran dan pembelajaran sentiasa tertumpu
dan guru dapat melaksanakan penyampaian maklumat dan isi kandungan dengan lebih
tersusun dan berfokus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurusan masa
menjadi faktor yang penting dalam aktiviti pengajaran sebab jadual waktu
pengajaran bagi setiap mata pelajaran adalah begitu terhad dan ketat. Oleh itu
RPH akan membantu guru menguruskan masa dengan lebih cekap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aktiviti
pengajaran yang telah disusun dalam RPH membantu guru menyampaikan isi kandunag
pelajaran dengan mudah. Penyusunan sub topik daripada mudah ke sukar
membolehkan murid menguasai pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang disampaikan dengan mudah
dan jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Penggunaan teknologi pendidikan juga dapat dimanfaat
dengan optimum apabila perancangan dilakukan dengan baik. Guru boleh memikirkan
apakah teknologi yang akan diintegrasikan dalam pengajaran semasa mereka
menyediakan RPH. Guru boleh memeriksa sama ada media yang sesuai dapat
diintegrasikan dalam pengajaran terdapat di Pusat Sumber Sekolah (PSS).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5434642456936016374.post-34533343239591108032013-07-11T10:27:00.000+08:002013-07-11T10:27:03.466+08:00Kaedah Pengajaran<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KAEDAH PENGAJARAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaedah pengajaran adalah terdiri
daripada prinsip-prinsip dan kaedah yang digunakan untuk pengajaran. Kaedah
pengajaran yang lazim digunakan mungkin termasuk penyertaan kelas, demonstrasi,
bacaan, hafalan, atau gabungan ini. Pemilihan kaedah pengajaran atau
kaedah-kaedah yang akan digunakan bergantung kepada maklumat atau kemahiran
yang diajar dan juga boleh dipengaruhi oleh kebolehan dan kesungguhan murid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Satu perancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dipilih</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">untuk mencapai apa yang
diingini</span>, seperti <span class="hps">pencapaian</span> <span class="hps">matlamat
atau</span> <span class="hps">penyelesaian</span> <span class="hps">kepada masalah.
Strategi pengajaran</span> <span class="hps">merangkumi semua</span> <span class="hps">pendekatan yang</span> <span class="hps">guru</span> <span class="hps">boleh
ambil</span> <span class="hps">secara aktif</span> bagi <span class="hps">melibatkan
murid</span> <span class="hps">dalam pembelajaran.</span> <span class="hps">Strategi
ini</span> memerlukan guru<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat <span class="hps">arahan</span> supaya murid <span class="hps">bekerja untuk</span> <span class="hps">mencapai objektif</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran yang khusus.</span>
<span class="hps">Strategi pengajaran</span> <span class="hps">berkesan</span> <span class="hps">memenuhi semua</span> <span class="hps">gaya pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">dan keperluan</span> <span class="hps">pembangunan</span> <span class="hps">murid.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Murid</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">akan dibahagikan kepada</span>
<span class="hps">dua pihak</span> dimana satu pihak <span class="hps">membentangkan</span>
<span class="hps">hujah-hujah</span> <span class="hps">dan satu pihak lagi
menentang</span> hujah terhadap <span class="hps">satu topik</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">isu.</span> Murid dilatih untuk <span class="hps">menghormati</span> <span class="hps">pendapat orang lain</span>,
belajar untuk <span class="hps">berfikir secara kreatif</span> <span class="hps">dan
kritis</span> <span class="hps">dan membangunkan</span> <span class="hps">keupayaan
untuk</span> <span class="hps">berkomunikasi dengan orang lain</span> dengan
lebih <span class="hps">yakin</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permainan dan Simulasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simulasi adalah gambaran realiti, model
ciri-ciri penting dalam dunia sebenar. Simulasi dengan ciri-ciri permainan,
iaitu melibatkan peserta untuk bersaing atau bekerjasama mengikut peraturan
yang ditetapkan. Kaedah ini boleh digunakan untuk memberi motivasi kepada murid
melalui pembelajaran yang menimbulkan keseronokan. Kedua-dua simulasi dan
permainan memberi peluang kepada murid untuk mengamalkan kemahiran dan
menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang mereka telah belajar dalam persekitaran yang
bebas daripada risiko. Guru perlu mempunyai kemahiran sebelum membuat keputusan
untuk menggunakan kaedah ini. Perancangan yang teliti diperlukan supaya kaedah
ini dapat memberikan kesan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Main Peranan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kaedah main-peranan, murid
dikehendaki untuk meletakkan diri mereka dalam kedudukan peserta dalam situasi
kehidupan sebenar seperti temu duga kerja, membeli dan menjual barang-barang,
mesyuarat perniagaan, dan lain-lain Mereka perlu bertindak dan bertindak balas
secara spontan kerana mereka berinteraksi dengan peserta lain semasa sesi
main-peranan. Melalui bertindak dan bertindak balas, murid mungkin dapat
menggambarkan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh peranan mereka sendiri serta
orang-orang yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Projek dan Tinjauan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Prinsip-prinsip dan konsep
yang</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">diajar</span>
<span class="hps">di dalam kelas</span> <span class="hps">sering</span> <span class="hps">bermakna sekiranya murid-murid</span> <span class="hps">berpeluang</span>
<span class="hps">untuk menyiasat</span> <span class="hps">penggunaan</span> <span class="hps">dalam dunia sebenar</span>. <span class="hps">Projek adalah</span> <span class="hps">satu aktiviti</span> <span class="hps">pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">yang dirancang</span> <span class="hps">yang memerlukan</span> <span class="hps">murid-murid</span> <span class="hps">pergi ke luar</span> <span class="hps">kelas dan berinteraksi dengan</span> <span class="hps">komuniti.</span>
<span class="hps">Murid-murid</span> <span class="hps">boleh bekerja</span> <span class="hps">dalam kumpulan atau</span> <span class="hps">secara individu</span> <span class="hps">untuk melihat</span> <span class="hps">dan mengumpul maklumat,</span> <span class="hps">menganalisis dan</span> menilai <span class="hps">maklumat yang
diperolehi</span> dan <span class="hps">membuat kesimpulan</span>. <span class="hps">Satu laporan</span> <span class="hps">mengenai apa yang</span> <span class="hps">telah didapati</span> <span class="hps">juga perlu</span> <span class="hps">dibentangkan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerja Lapangan dan Lawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Terdapat</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">banyak</span> tempat <span class="hps">yang mungkin</span> <span class="hps">memberikan</span> peluang kepada
murid-murid untuk melawat sambil belajar seperti zoo, muzium, galeri dan
sebagainya. <span class="hps">Lawatan ke</span> <span class="hps">institusi
pemhajian tinggi misalnya dapat membantu</span> murid m<span class="hps">emahami
dengan lebih lanjut maklumat</span> tentang peluang melanjutkan muridan.
Lawatan ke zoo membolehkan murid-murid mengetahui dengan lebih jelas <span class="hps">banyak perkara menegnai kehidupan haiwan. Perancangan dan pelaksanaan
yang teliti perlu dilakukan untuk</span> <span class="hps">membuat lawatan</span>
<span class="hps">pendidikan</span> yang <span class="hps">berjaya.</span> <span class="hps">Pelan ini</span> <span class="hps">mungkin termasuk</span> <span class="hps">bagaimana untuk menguruskan</span> <span class="hps">dengan organisasi</span>
<span class="hps">yang akan dilawati</span>, bagaimana untuk <span class="hps">memberi
taklimat</span> kepada <span class="hps">murid bagi</span> <span class="hps">lawatan
itu dan</span> <span class="hps">bagaimana untuk mengumpulkan</span> <span class="hps">mereka ke dalam</span> <span class="hps">kumpulan serta</span> <span class="hps">bagaimana untuk menjalankan</span> <span class="hps">aktiviti-aktiviti
susulan</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarahan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> (Kuliah)</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kuliah</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">melibatkan</span> <span class="hps">pendedahan</span> <span class="hps">formal berterusan</span> <span class="hps">atau</span> <span class="hps">perbincangan mengenai</span> <span class="hps">beberapa topik</span> <span class="hps">oleh guru.</span> <span class="hps">Walaupun ia</span> <span class="hps">dikritik atas</span> <span class="hps">gaya</span> <span class="hps">autokratik</span> <span class="hps">dan</span>
<span class="hps">bentuk</span> <span class="hps">komunikasi sehala</span>, namun
kaedah ini biasanya <span class="hps">digunakan untuk memperkenalkan</span> <span class="hps">pengetahuan tentang mata muridan dan</span> <span class="hps">maklumat</span>
<span class="hps">khusus.</span> <span class="hps">Keberkesanannya</span> <span class="hps">banyak bergantung kepada</span> <span class="hps">perancangan</span>,
penstrukturan, <span class="hps">persembahan</span> gaya <span class="hps">guru</span>
<span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">penggunaan</span> <span class="hps">alat
bantu mengajar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">kuliah atau syarahan adalah proses
pengajaran dengan memberi penjelasan subjek secara lisan apa yang akan
dimuridi. Syarahan sering diiringi oleh alat bantuan visual untuk membantu
murid menggambarkan objek atau masalah. Kuliah adalah pembentangan lisan
bertujuan untuk menyampaikan maklumat atau mengajar orang ramai mengenai subjek
tertentu, contohnya seorang pensyarah universiti atau kolej. Kuliah digunakan
untuk menyampaikan maklumat kritikal, sejarah, latar belakang dan teori-teori.
Ceramah politik, ucapan menteri atau persembahan jualan seorang ahli perniagaan
mungkin dalam bentuk kuliah. Biasanya pensyarah akan berdiri di hadapan bilik
dan membaca maklumat yang berkaitan dengan kandungan ceramah itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Walaupun ceramah banyak dikritik sebagai
satu kaedah pengajaran, namun universiti masih belum menemui kaedah pengajaran
yang praktikal sebagai alternatif bagi majoriti kursus mereka. Pengkritik
menunjukkan bahawa syarahan adalah satu cara komunikasi yang tidak melibatkan
penyertaan penonton yang ketara. Oleh itu, syarahan sering berbeza kepada
pembelajaran aktif. Ceramah yang disampaikan oleh penceramah yang berbakat
boleh sangat merangsang. Kuliah adalah sebagai satu cara yang cepat, murah dan
berkesan dalam bidang akademik untuk menyampaikan pengetahuan tertentu kepada
sejumlah besar murid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kaedah kuliah sering dikritik di mana
dikatakan nota kuliah profesor terus ke nota kuliah murid, tanpa melalui otak
(pemikiran). Syarahan awam mempunyai sejarah yang panjang dalam bidang sains
dan dalam pergerakan sosial. Kesatuan misalnya mempunyai sejarah menganjurkan pelbagai
ceramah percuma kepada orang ramai mengenai pelbagai perkara. Pusat komuniti,
perpustakaan, muzium, dan organisasi lain telah menggunakan ceramah dalam
melaksanakan misi mereka atau kepentingan mereka. Kuliah mewakili kesinambungan
tradisi lisan berbeza dengan komunikasi teks dalam buku-buku dan media lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perbincangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Murid-murid dibahagikan kepada kumpulan
untuk membincangkan topik yang diberikan disamping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertukar-tukar pandangan, membangunkan konsep
atau untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Guru bertanggungjawab untuk membekalkan garis
panduan perbincangan, memperlihatkan tindak balas di kalangan murid-murid,
merangsang mereka untuk berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dan menilai prestasi
mereka. Setiap kumpulan perlu diperlukan untuk mengemukakan laporan secara
lisan atau bertulis merumuskan kesimpulan dan hasil perbincangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat pelbagai cara untuk merangsang
perbincangan. Sebagai contoh, guru memulakan pengajaran dengan perbincangan
kumpulan secara keseluruhan untuk menyegarkan ingatan murid tentang bacaan yang
diberikan. Strategi ini juga boleh digunakan untuk membantu memberi tumpuan
perbincangan kumpulan besar dan kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelas sekali, perbincangan kelas yang
berjaya melibatkan perancangan di pihak pengajar dan persediaan di pihak murid.
Pengajar perlu berhati-hati merancang pengalaman pembelajaran, murid-murid
mesti memahami bacaan yang diberikan dan hadir ke kelas pada masa yang
ditetapkan dan bersedia untuk belajar.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaedah pelaksanaan:</span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wujudkan
kumpulan</span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sediakan tugas</span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbincangan</span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentangan dapatan/hasil</span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tujuan utama
adalah untuk memupuk dan meningkatkan kemahiran komunikasi dalam kelas.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membantu
menggalakkan kemahiran berfikir dan membuat keputusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta memupuk pandangan dan pendapat yang
berbeza.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">boleh digunakan
dalam semua bidang utama pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak sesuai kepada murid muda kerana tahap
pemikiran yang diperlukan dalam usaha untuk perbincangan memerlukan pemikiran
yang tinggi .</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
bergantung kepada rutin kumpulan dan iklim sosial kelas.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guru mesti
berkeupayaan untuk membimbing dan memberikan bantuan yang perlu tetapi
persekitaran kelas dan kumpulan mereka yang perlu menentukan hasil
perbincangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: left;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demonstrasi </span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Demonstrasi adalah proses pengajaran
melalui contoh atau eksperimen. Sebagai contoh, guru sains boleh mengajar idea
dengan melakukan satu eksperimen untuk murid. Satu demonstrasi boleh digunakan
untuk membuktikan fakta melalui gabungan bukti visual dan pemikiran yang
berkaitan.<br />
Demonstrasi serupa dengan cerita bertulis dan contoh-contoh yang membolehkan murid-murid
sendiri mengaitkan maklumat yang dibentangkan. Demonstrasi membantu
meningkatkan minat murid dan mengukuhkan daya ingatan kerana mereka menyediakan
sambungan antara fakta dan aplikasi dunia sebenar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Demonstrasi melibatkan menunjukkan sebab
atau bukti, menjelaskan dengan menggunakan contoh atau eksperimen. Dengan kata
lain, demonstrasi bermaksud untuk menunjukkan dengan jelas. Demonstrasi membantu
murid menghubungkan teori dengan amalan sebenar atau apabila murid tidak dapat
memahami aplikasi teori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Guru bukan sahaja menunjukkan konsep
pembelajaran tertentu di dalam kelas, mereka juga boleh mengambil bahagian di
dalam kelas demonstrasi untuk membantu meningkatkan strategi pengajaran mereka
sendiri. Demonstrasi mungkin boleh digunakan dalam menggambarkan idea-idea. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Murid-murid juga boleh berkomunikasi
dengan nilai-nilai dan idea-idea melalui demonstrasi. Ini sering dilakukan
dalam teater, filem, dan filem. Gambar tanpa perkataan boleh menunjukkan
pelbagai jenis tindakan dan akibatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kaedah pelaksanaan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menetapkan tempat
pembelajaran.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menerang dan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">kemahiran/isi kandungan. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Maklum balas guru. </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Memindahkan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">kemahiran/</span>isi <span class="hps">kandungan dalam</span> <span class="hps">konteks yang lain.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Gambaran keseluruhan:</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Bertujuan untuk menggalakkan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">pemerolehan</span> <span class="hps">kemahiran baru</span> <span class="hps">melalui pemerhatian.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Digunakan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">untuk membantu membangunkan</span>
<span class="hps">kemahiran berfikir</span> <span class="hps">dan kemahiran</span> <span class="hps">menyelesaikan masalah. </span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Biasa digunakan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">dalam mata muridan seperti</span>,
Pendidkan Jasmani, pen<span class="hps">ulisan</span>, e<span class="hps">jaan</span>,
muzik <span class="hps">dan lain-lain. </span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Tidak menggalakkan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">pembelajaran individu. </span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pelaksanaan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">adalah penting,</span> <span class="hps">mengekalkan</span> <span class="hps">minat dan semangat</span> <span class="hps">pada setiap masa</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pembelajaran dengan</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> M<span class="hps">engajar</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"><br />
<span class="hps">Dalam kaedah</span> <span class="hps">pengajaran</span> <span class="hps">ini, murid</span> <span class="hps">mengambil alih</span> <span class="hps">peranan guru</span> <span class="hps">dan mengajar</span> <span class="hps">rakan-rakan mereka</span>. <span class="hps">Murid yang</span> <span class="hps">mengajar boleh sebagai satu kumpulan</span> <span class="hps">atau
sebagai</span> <span class="hps">individu. Mereka <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perlu</span> <span class="hps">mengkaji dan</span>
<span class="hps">memahami topik</span> dengan<span class="hps"> cukup</span> <span class="hps">baik untuk</span> <span class="hps">mengajar</span> <span class="hps">rakan-rakan</span>
<span class="hps">mereka.</span> <span class="hps">Dengan adanya</span> <span class="hps">murid</span> <span class="hps">mengambil bahagian dalam</span> <span class="hps">proses pengajaran</span>, mereka mendapat <span class="hps">keyakinan
diri dan</span> <span class="hps">mengukuhkan</span> kemahiran <span class="hps">berbahasa</span>
<span class="hps">dan komunikasi.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Latih Tubi</span></b></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kaedah pelaksanaan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menetapkan tempat
kejadian.</span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Semak</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">makna dan</span> <span class="hps">memahami.</span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menekankan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> fokus utama <span class="hps">pembelajaran.
</span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mengulang-ulang. </span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Ujian bertulis. </span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left;"><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pemarkahan dan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">rekod.</span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">G<span class="hps">ambaran keseluruhan:</span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">K<span class="hps">aedah</span> <span class="hps">pengajaran</span> <span class="hps">melalui pengulangan. </span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">B<span class="hps">ertujuan untuk menghasilkan</span> <span class="hps">tindak balas</span>
<span class="hps">automatik (</span>hafalan).</span><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">P<span class="hps">engukuhan</span> <span class="hps">berterusan</span> <span class="hps">sehingga</span>
<span class="hps">pengetahuan</span> <span class="hps">secara automatik</span> <span class="hps">dicetuskan oleh</span> <span class="hps">kata kunci</span> <span class="hps">kepada responden.</span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Mungkin tidak berkesan</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">jika pelaksanaan</span> <span class="hps">menjadi</span> <span class="hps">membosankan. </span></span><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Berisiko</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> untuk <span class="hps">tiada atau</span> <span class="hps">sedikit</span> <span class="hps">pemahaman</span> kepada<span class="hps"> murid. </span></span><span class="hps"><b><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Berkesan jika</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">bahan</span> <span class="hps">yang diajar</span> <span class="hps">difahami
oleh</span> <span class="hps">murid.</span></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pengajaran secara Pemikiran Lateral</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;">Untuk
mengajar</span></span><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"> <span class="hps">kreativiti,</span> <span class="hps">seseorang itu perlu</span> <span class="hps">mengajar secara kreatif</span>, iaitu <span class="hps">banyak</span> <span class="hps">usaha kreatif</span> <span class="hps">untuk mengeluarkan</span> <span class="hps">pemikiran</span> <span class="hps">yang paling</span> <span class="hps">kreatif
dalam</span> <span class="hps">kelas anda.</span> <span class="hps">Mereka</span> <span class="hps">juga perlu tahu</span> <span class="hps">bidang masing-masing</span> <span class="hps">dan tahu bagaimana untuk</span> <span class="hps">mewujudkan suasana
pembelajaran</span> <span class="hps">yang sesuai.</span> </span></div>
Deriahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13628208246055007870noreply@blogger.com4